Evaluation of Associated Structural and Chromosomal Abnormalities in Patients with Fetal Cerebral Ventriculomegaly Detected in Ultrasonographic Imaging by Erkan Cagliyan, Samican Ozmen, Sureyya Saridas Demir, Ceren Aydin, Egehan Bilen, Handan Guleryuz, Elif Yasar, Derya Ercal, Elcin Bora, Tufan Cankaya

“… OBJECTIVE: Fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly is defined as enlarged cerebral lateral ventricles. The etiology of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly is multifactorial. …”
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A Case of Thoracic Spondylosis Deformans and Multilevel Instrumented Spinal Fusion in an 84-Year-Old Male by Amy H. Amabile, J. Raymond Shea, Vishal Desai, Lisa T. Hoglund, Jamie N. Elcock, Anthony Lombardo, Matthew C. Schiffino

“…We report here a case of thoracic spondylosis deformans and multilevel instrumented fusion found during routine dissection of a cadaver. Theories of the etiology of this condition are reviewed in general, and with respect to this specific case and the potential interaction of the presenting comorbidities. …”
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Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature by Kevin T. Kao, Jitesh K. Patel, Vijayamalini Pampati

“…The disease is characterized by diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, dystrophic changes of the fingernails, alopecia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain. (2) The etiology is currently unknown, but an autoimmune process is suspected. …”
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Virus-induced Systemic Vasculitides: New Therapeutic Approaches by Loïc Guillevin

“…The best therapeutic strategy in virus-induced vasculitides should take into account the etiology of the disease and be adapted to the pathogenesis. …”
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Diffuse Spontaneous Laryngeal Hemorrhage with Trastuzumab by Lauren Klute, Matthew Solverson, Christopher M. Bingcang, Jayme R. Dowdall

“…Drug-induced epithelial hemorrhage of the endolarynx is an unusual etiology of hemoptysis. We present a case of hemoptysis in a young female patient undergoing treatment for metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab emtansine. …”
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Mitomycin-C-Induced TTP/HUS Treated Successfully with Rituximab: Case Report and Review of the Literature by Gunjan Shah, Hanah Yamin, Hedy Smith

“…Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, fever, renal failure, and neurologic symptoms comprise the cardinal features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Etiologies can include medications, infections, cancers, or transplantation. …”
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Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia: An uncommon but fatal cause of Pneumocystis pneumonia by Julia Schearer, Christopher Merrick

“…Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal infection with primary occurrence in immunocompromised individuals by the etiologic agent Pneumocystis jirovecii. In those without previously identified risk factors, maintaining an index of suspicion for this diagnosis with search for underlying immunosuppressive cause is of utmost importance. …”
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Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency: Diagnosis, Management, and New Therapies by Sasigarn A. Bowden, Rohan Henry

“…This review summarizes the etiologies, presentation, and diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency utilizing different dynamic hormone testing and describes current treatment recommendations and new therapies.…”
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Cryptogenic Multifocal Ulcerous Stenosing Enteritis: A Review of the Literature by Darina Kohoutová, Jolana Bártová, Ilja Tachecí, Stanislav Rejchrt, Rudolf Repák, Marcela Kopáčová, Jan Bureš

“…Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis (CMUSE) is an extremely rare illness characterised by chronic or relapsing subileus status resulting from multiple small intestinal fibrous strictures and multiple shallow ulcers of the small bowel. The etiology is unknown and pathogenesis is not fully understood. …”
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Congenital Unilateral Posteromedial Bowing of Tibia in an Adolescent: A Rare Presentation of Tibial Bowing by Nikhil Jain, Nibin Sunny, Pranjal Mishra

“…Posteromedial bowing of the tibia is a relatively uncommon congenital anomaly. Etiology is not fully understood. Usually, the deformity improves with time and most of the cases are managed conservatively with modifications in shoes. …”
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Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis—A Challenging Demyelinating Disease: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature by Regina Célia Ajeje Pires de Albuquerque, Raquel Siqueira Leonel de Paula, Manuelina Mariana Capellari Macruz Brito, José Roberto Lopes Ferraz Filho, Lucas Crociati Meguins

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology. The peak onset is between age 20 and 40 years and usually affects more women than men. …”
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A Rare Case of Histiocytic Sarcoma Secondary to Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in the Stomach: Transdifferentiation or Synchronicity? by Jiankun Tong, Jean Luo, Pierre F. Saldinger, William H. Rodgers

“…It occurs anywhere in the body and behaves aggressively. However, its etiology is unknown. Here, we report a 68-year-old female who developed histiocytic sarcoma following chemotherapy with imatinib (Gleevec) for gastrointestinal stromal tumor. …”
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Suspected Transient Ischemic Attack Related to Dysfunctional Quadricuspid Aortic Valve by Arun Katwaroo MBBS, Jessica Kawall MBBS, Priya Ramcharan MBBS, Valmiki Seecheran MBBS, MSc, Rajeev Seecheran MBBS, MHA, Nafeesah Ali MBBS, Shari Khan MBBS, Naveen Anand Seecheran MBBS, MD, MSc

“…This case highlights the importance of considering potential atypical etiologies, such as QAV, in the evaluation and management of young patients presenting with cerebrovascular events.…”
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Fatal Idiopathic Hyperammonemia after Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Christophe Angelo, Marie-Françoise Vincent, Mina Komuta, Philippe Hantson, Nicole Straetmans, Edwige Boulet

“…The role of some specific anticancer drugs may be discussed, but the etiology of hyperammonemia is often multifactorial. …”
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Myocarditis Secondary to Mesalamine-Induced Cardiotoxicity in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis by Kelechukwu U. Okoro, Matthew D. Roby, Adegbenga A. Bankole

“…When this occurs, it can be difficult to tease out the primary etiology, as both IBD and mesalamine can cause cardiac manifestations independently of each other. …”
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Vitiligo in a Patient Treated with Interferon Alpha-2a for Behçet’s Disease by Esra Guney, Gulunay Akcali, Betul Ilkay Akcay, Cihan Unlu, Gurkan Erdogan, Tahir Kansu Bozkurt, Huseyin Bayramlar

“…Behçet’s disease (BD) and vitiligo are diseases of unknown etiology. Interferon (IFN) alpha therapy is commonly used in Behçet uveitis. …”
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The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain (CASP): Expert Consensus on the Cervicogenic Headache by Hong Xiao, Baogan Peng, Ke Ma, Dong Huang, Xianguo Liu, Yan Lu, Qing Liu, Lijuan Lu, Jingfeng Liu, Yimei Li, Tao Song, Wei Tao, Wen Shen, Xiaoqiu Yang, Lin Wang, Xiaomei Zhang, Zhigang Zhuang, Hui Liu, Yanqing Liu

“…This article summarizes the conclusions of the consensus group regarding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of cervicogenic headache in China.…”
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Natal Teeth: A Case Report and Reappraisal by Ghadah A. Malki, Emad A. Al-Badawi, Mohammad A. Dahlan

“…Also, a review of the literature was conducted to discuss the etiology, clinical features, complications, and management of natal and neonatal teeth.…”
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A Rare Case of ARDS Caused by Bupropion Inhalation and Treated with Noninvasive Ventilation by Yousif Al-Saiegh, Jenna Spears, Pieter S. De Klerk, Joshua Hitchings, Christopher Lee, Tamara Mahr

“…Its treatment includes addressing the underlying etiology, general supportive measures, and achievement of effective oxygenation. …”
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DETECTION OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 3 IN RUSSIAN PIG HOLDINGS by M. V. Biryuchenkova, A. M. Timina, A. V. Shcherbakov

“…Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) causing systemic inflammation of unknown etiology in animals was detected the USA in 2015. Later, data on PCV-3 detection in Asia, Europe and South America were published. …”
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