Cullen Sign Associated with External Iliac Artery Aneurysm Rupture: A Case Report by Kendra M. Douglas, William R. Davis, Jaron D. Raper

“…This case demonstrates the importance of considering other etiologies of Cullen sign beyond pancreatitis, including aneurysmal ruptures.…”
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The Diagnosis Is in the Smear: A Case and Review of Spur Cell Anemia in Cirrhosis by Gabriella A. Raffa, Diana M. Byrnes, John J. Byrnes

“…The etiology of anemia in liver cirrhosis is multifactorial; one less recognized cause is hemolytic anemia due to spur cells, known as spur cell anemia. …”
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Maxillofacial fractures in patients treated at the Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone by Juan Carlos Quintana Díaz, Carlos Alberto Botella Suarez, Evis Johnson Montero, Raquel Rojas Bruzón

“…<p><strong>Background</strong>: Fractures of the maxillofacial complex constitute about half of all fractures, and in a large number of patients they are associated with other fractures and injuries. The etiology is varied, and requires fast, accurate, and timely diagnosis and treatment. …”
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Primary Idiopathic Osteoarthropathy: Could It Be Related to Alcoholism? by Yanal Alnimer, Suresh Subedi, Thair Dawood, Ghassan Bachuwa

“…It can be primary (idiopathic) without any clear identifiable etiology as well as secondary to variety of systemic diseases most notably lung pathology. …”
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Bilateral Chylothorax as a Unique Presentation of Pancreaticobiliary or Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer by Nooraldin Merza, John Lung, Mazin Saadaldin, Tarek Naguib

“…Eventually, malignancy-related DVT of the left subclavian/brachiocephalic vein was identified as the possible etiology for the bilateral chylothorax.…”
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Early Recognition of Foreign Body Aspiration as the Cause of Cardiac Arrest by Muhammad Kashif, Hafiz Rizwan Talib Hashmi, Misbahuddin Khaja

“…Subsequent history suggested FBA as a possible etiology of the cardiac arrest, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated a piece of meat and bone lodged in the left main stem bronchus. …”
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Electromagnetic Interference from Swimming Pool Generator Current Causing Inappropriate ICD Discharges by Edward Samuel Roberto, Thein Tun Aung, Atif Hassan, Abdul Wase

“…After exclusion of intracardiac interference, device malfunction, and abnormal settings, extracardiac etiologies such as EMI must be thoughtfully considered and excluded. …”
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Small fiber neuropathy: clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, possibly causes and treatment by E. Paulėkas, D. Garšvienė, K. Petrikonis

“…There is a plethora of possible SFN causes, such as metabolic, immune system mediated or neurotoxic factors, although in about 50% of cases, the precise etiology remains unknown. In recent years, mutations in genes SCN9A and SCN10A that encode voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7 and Nav1.8, respectively, have been linked to nearly a third of SFN cases that previously were thought of as idiopathic. …”
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Functional and Radiological Outcome of Surgical Management in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis – A Comparative Study by Makesh Ram Sriraghavan, Kandasamy Natesan, Pavalan Louis, Harish Shanmugam Punniakotti, Naveen Venkidusamy, Namala Sai Vinay Bharadwaj

“…Degeneration is the most common etiology, resulting due to facet joint arthropathy and intervertebral disc protrusion. …”
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The Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus by Mel Krajden, Gail McNabb, Martin Petric

“…HBV diagnosis is accomplished by testing for a series of serological markers of HBV and by additional testing to exclude alternative etiological agents such as hepatitis A and C viruses. …”
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Splenic Abscess: An Uncommon Entity with Potentially Life-Threatening Evolution by Mei-Chun Lee, Chun-Ming Lee

“…The aim of this study is to review the clinical features, microbiological etiologies, treatment, and outcomes of patients with splenic abscess. …”
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Higher Body Mass Index Is Associated with Subjective Olfactory Dysfunction by Z. M. Patel, J. M. DelGaudio, S. K. Wise

“…Neoplastic and obstructive etiologies were excluded. Demographics, BMI, and smoking status were reviewed. …”
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The Effects of Vitamin D Supplement on Prevention of Recurrence of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women with a History of Preeclampsia by Sanam Behjat Sasan, Farnaz Zandvakili, Nasrin Soufizadeh, Elaheh Baybordi

“…One of the hypotheses concerning the etiology of preeclampsia is vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. …”
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The Human Papillomavirus Enigma: A Narrative Review of Global Variations in Oropharyngeal Cancer Epidemiology and Prognosis by Hitesh Rajendra Singhavi, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Deepa Nair

“…This study reviews OPC epidemiology, including prevalence, etiological factors (such as smokeless tobacco and HPV), and their interaction. …”
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From the right ventricle to the descending aorta: a Case Report of complex thrombotic events in a patient with nephrotic syndrome by Jiaojiao Chen, Longyin Zhu, Fen Zhou, Yuting Li, Tao Gu, Jing Xia

“…Although anticoagulant therapy is crucial for preventing thrombotic events, formulating individualized anticoagulation treatment plans for these patients remains a challenge in clinical practice due to variations in renal function and the distinct metabolic characteristics of anticoagulant medications.Case IntroductionThis case report presents a 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. The etiological diagnosis was hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis, and the pathological diagnosis was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. …”
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Ureteral Diaphragmatic Hernia Treated with Ureteral Stenting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Tateki Yoshino, Ayako Itakura, Shinnosuke Fujikawa, Tomoyuki Sugitani, Kazuo Kawakami, Emi Ishibashi, Koji Kodama, Shota Oshima

“…We reviewed all cases in the literature published in English of ureteral diaphragmatic hernia. While the etiology of ureteral diaphragmatic hernia is unknown, our present case and previous reports suggest that a ureteral diaphragmatic hernia may occur due to hepatic atrophy and/or an elevated position of the right kidney.…”
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Unicentric Castleman's Disease Arising from an Intrapulmonary Lymph Node by Hideki Ota, Hideki Kawai, Tsubasa Matsuo

“…Castleman's disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, most often involving the mediastinum. It has 2 distinct clinical forms: unicentric and multicentric. …”
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Review of Interventional Therapies for Refractory Pediatric Migraine by Jacquelin Peck, Justin Zeien, Megha Patel, Elyse M. Cornett, Amnon A. Berger, Jamal Hasoon, Hisham Kassem, Jai Won Jung, Giovanni F. Ramírez, Paola Colon Fugueroa, Neil R. Singhal, Jaehong Song, Adam M. Kaye, Alan D. Kaye, Sarang S. Koushik, Natalie H. Strand, Latha Ganti

“…This is a review of the latest and seminal evidence in pediatric migraine. It covers the etiology and pathophysiology known today, and then will review treatment options, efficacy and safety, quality of data and indications. …”
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Secondary bilateral synchronization of interictal EEG discharges in focal epilepsy: prevalence and associated factors by Polina Specktor, Ronen Spierer, Mark Katson, Moshe Herskovitz, Moshe Herskovitz

“…BackgroundEpilepsy is commonly categorized based on etiology, treatment, and prognosis. Misclassification can occur due to the presence of interictal secondary bilateral synchronization (SBS) discharges seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG), misleading the classification process.ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of interictal SBS discharges in patients with focal epilepsy and to identify predictors of these discharges.DesignRetrospective analysis of patients who underwent long-term video EEG monitoring (LTVEM) from August 2001 to May 2014.MethodsWe included patients with focal epilepsy. …”
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Pediatric Nasal Lobular Capillary Hemangioma by Jordan M. Virbalas, John P. Bent, Sanjay R. Parikh

“…We report two new cases of pediatric lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) of the nasal cavity and review current theories regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal LCH. Methods. …”
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