Parkinson’s disease and exosomes: from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment by A. Mišeikaitė, P. Vaitkienė

“…Of great interest are exosomes, extracellular vesicles isolated from the cellular endosomal system. It has been investigated that most cells, including nerve cells, in the brain can secrete these 50-150 nm diameter vesicles which can affect protein activity and gene expression. …”
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Sialidase NEU3 dynamically associates to different membrane domains specifically modifying their ganglioside pattern and triggering Akt phosphorylation. by Dario Bonardi, Nadia Papini, Mario Pasini, Loredana Dileo, Flavia Orizio, Eugenio Monti, Luigi Caimi, Bruno Venerando, Roberto Bresciani

“…Moreover, the enzyme is present both at the cell surface and in endosomal structures and cofractionates with caveolin. …”
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Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of GalNAc-Conjugated siRNAs by Emilie Langeskov Salim, Kim Kristensen, Erik Sjögren

“…<b>Results</b>: The analysis identified significant compound dependencies, e.g., endosomal stability, with direct consequences for the pharmacological effect. …”
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Clinical advances in antibody-drug conjugates for hematological malignancies by TANG Sijie, MI Jianqing

“…The linkers are then cleaved via endosomal-lysosome pathway and the cytotoxic drug is released, which induces apoptosis in the target cells. …”
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CD63 Promotes Hemocyte-Mediated Phagocytosis in the Clam, Paphia undulata by Mingjia Yu, Shanjun Yang, Hongxia Sun, Qiang Xia

“…Bioinformatic analysis revealed that Pu-CD63 contains one putative YXXØ consensus motif of “110-YVII-113” and one N-glycosylation site “155-NGT-157” within the large extracellular loop (LEL) region, supporting its conserved function in plasma membrane and endosomal/lysosomal trafficking. Moreover, temporal expression profile analysis demonstrates a drastic induction in the expression of CD63 in hemocytes after pathogenic challenge with either V. parahaemolyticus or V. alginolyticus. …”
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Integrated Analysis of mRNA and lncRNA Expression Profiles Reveals Regulatory Networks Associated with Decompensated Cirrhosis by Li Zhang, Xiaoyu Fang, Suhua Wang, Shasha Ma, Jinyan Zhang, Xiang Dong, Jing Dai, Chuanmiao Liu, Yu Gao

“…In addition, the findings suggested that the phagosome/endosome/autophagy-lysosome pathway might play an important role in cirrhotic decompensation. …”
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Regulating Immune Responses Induced by PEGylated Messenger RNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine by Hyein Jo, Jaewhoon Jeoung, Wonho Kim, Dooil Jeoung

“…After an mRNA-LNP vaccine enters a cell via an endosome, mRNA is translated into an antigen, which can activate adaptive immunity. mRNAs can bind to various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), and increase the production of inflammatory cytokines. …”
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Best1 mitigates ER stress induced by the increased cellular microenvironment stiffness in epilepsy by Hao Wu, Yicong Dong, Qiang Meng, Jingyi Jiang, Bojian Gao, Yutao Ren, Yong Liu, Huanfa Li, Changhe Wang, Hua Zhang

“…The underlying mechanism involves the upregulation of the endosomal sorting complex required for the transport (ESCRT) components by Best1, which helps mitigate ER stress. …”
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Targeted allele-specific FGFR2 knockdown via human recombinant ferritin nanoparticles for personalized treatment of Crouzon syndrome by Federica Tiberio, Martina Salvati, Luca Polito, Giada Tisci, Alessia Vita, Ornella Parolini, Luca Massimi, Lorena Di Pietro, Pierpaolo Ceci, Gianpiero Tamburrini, Alessandro Arcovito, Elisabetta Falvo, Wanda Lattanzi

“…We developed a highly biocompatible delivery system for siRNAs, based on human recombinant ferritin nanoparticles (NPs), combining cell targeting with improved nucleic acid encapsulation and endosomal escape properties. We demonstrated the ability of these NPs to deliver and release siRNAs within target cells, sustaining their inhibitory and AS effects. …”
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Comprehensive analysis of ESCRT transcriptome-associated signatures and identification of the regulatory role of LMO7-AS1 in osteosarcoma by Shibing Zhao, Dasheng Tian, Fei Huang, Lei Wang, Jinhao Cheng, Zhitao He, Qitian Shen, Shuai Liang, Deliang Gong, Jun Liu, Chengfeng Yi, Chun Zhang, Erbao Bian, Juehua Jing, Tao Wang

“…Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is a commonly observed malignant tumor in orthopedics that has a very poor prognosis. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is important for the development and progression of cancer and may be a significant target for cancer therapy. …”
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Modified vaccinia virus Ankara triggers type I IFN production in murine conventional dendritic cells via a cGAS/STING-mediated cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. by Peihong Dai, Weiyi Wang, Hua Cao, Francesca Avogadri, Lianpan Dai, Ingo Drexler, Johanna A Joyce, Xiao-Dong Li, Zhijian Chen, Taha Merghoub, Stewart Shuman, Liang Deng

“…Treatment of cDCs with inhibitors of endosomal and lysosomal acidification or the lysosomal enzyme Cathepsin B attenuated MVA-induced type I IFN production, indicating that lysosomal enzymatic processing of virions is important for MVA sensing. …”
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Understanding the role of potential biomarkers in attenuating multiple sclerosis progression via multiomics and network-based approach. by Nitesh Shriwash, Ayesha Aiman, Prithvi Singh, Seemi Farhat Basir, Anas Shamsi, Mohammad Shahid, Ravins Dohare, Asimul Islam

“…WGCN revealed a total of 122 hub DEGs of which most significant pathway, gene ontology (GO)-biological process (BP), GO-molecular function (MF) and GO-cellular compartment (CC) terms were assembly and cell surface presentation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, regulation of catabolic process, NAD(P)H oxidase H2O2 forming activity, postsynaptic recycling endosome. The intersection of top 10 significant pathways, GO-BP, GO-MF, GO-CC terms, and PPIN top cluster genests identified STAT3 and CREB1 as key biomarkers. …”
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Noncanonical IFN Signaling, Steroids, and STATs: A Probable Role of V-ATPase by Howard M. Johnson, Ezra Noon-Song, Chulbul M. Ahmed

“…We argue here that the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pump probably plays a key role in endosomal membrane crossing by IFNs for receptor cytoplasmic binding. …”
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Leishmania mexicana: Novel Insights of Immune Modulation through Amastigote Exosomes by Laura Enedina Soto-Serna, Mariana Diupotex, Jaime Zamora-Chimal, Adriana Ruiz-Remigio, José Delgado-Domínguez, Rocely Buenaventura Cervantes-Sarabia, Adriana Méndez-Bernal, Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño, María Magdalena Aguirre-García, Ingeborg Becker

“…Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVBs) constitutively released by eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVBs to the plasma membrane. …”
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Insight into the avidity–affinity relationship of the bivalent, pH-dependent interaction between IgG and FcRn by Johannes Reusch, Jan Terje Andersen, Ulrich Rant, Tilman Schlothauer

“…While prior research has mainly investigated IgG-FcRn binding kinetics with a focus on single affinity values, it has been shown that each IgG molecule can engage two FcRn molecules throughout an endosomal pH gradient. As such, we present here a more comprehensive analysis of these interactions with an emphasis on both affinity and avidity by taking advantage of switchSENSE technology, a surface-based biosensor where recombinant FcRn was immobilized via short DNA nanolevers, mimicking the membranous orientation of the receptor. …”
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