The Emerging Role of Rab5 in Membrane Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways by Wanqiong Yuan, Chunli Song

“…Rab proteins alternate between an activated (GTP-bound) state and an inactivated (GDP-bound) state. Early endosome marker Rab5 GTPase, a key member of the Rab family, plays a crucial role in endocytosis and membrane transport. …”
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Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer by Theresa L Whiteside

“…Among them, a subset of small EVs (sEVs) (30–150 nm) originating in the tumor cell endosomes and often referred to as “tumor cell-derived exosomes” have been of special interest. …”
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Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors by Elias A. Said, Nicolas Tremblay, Mohammed S. Al-Balushi, Ali A. Al-Jabri, Daniel Lamarre

“…Different receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are present in the cytoplasm, endosomes, and on the cellular surface. These receptors have the capacity to sense the presence of viral nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). …”
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Imaging Early Steps of Sindbis Virus Infection by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy by Youling Gu, Yuanzheng Yang, Yuechueng Liu

“…Moreover, dual color TIRFM of GFP-Rab5 and SINV suggested that the virus was targeted to the early endosomes after endocytosis. These findings demonstrate the utility of quantum dot labeling in studying the early steps and behavior of SINV infection.…”
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Comparison of Transfection Agents in Forming Complexes with Ferumoxides, Cell Labeling Efficiency, and Cellular Viability by Ali Syed Arbab, Gene Thomus Yocum, Lindsey Bashaw Wilson, Ashari Parwana, Elaine Kay Jordan, Heather Kalish, Joseph Alan Frank

“…Concentrations of 25 to 50 μg/mL of FEs complexed to TAs in media resulted in sufficient endocytosis of the SPIO into endosomes to detect cells on cellular magnetic resonance imaging.…”
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Productive Entry Pathways of Human Rhinoviruses by Renate Fuchs, Dieter Blaas

“…The now hydrophobic subviral particle attaches to the inner surface of endosomes and transfers its genomic (+) ssRNA into the cytosol. …”
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Inflammatory Chemokine Expression via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling in Normal Human Mesangial Cells by Hiroshi Tanaka, Tadaatsu Imaizumi

“…Viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can activate not only TLR3 located within intracellular endosomes but also retinoic-acid-inducible-gene-I- (RIG-I-) like helicase receptors located within the cytosol. …”
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Toll-Like Receptors in Natural Killer Cells and Their Application for Immunotherapy by Ji-Yoon Noh, Suk Ran Yoon, Tae-Don Kim, Inpyo Choi, Haiyoung Jung

“…TLRs are expressed either on the cell surface or within endosomes of innate immune cells. NK cells are one of the innate immune cells and also express TLRs to recognize or respond to PAMPs. …”
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Live imaging of paracrine signaling: Advances in visualization and tracking techniques by Eriko Deguchi, Michiyuki Matsuda, Kenta Terai

“…Paracrine factor secretion can be directly visualized by fluorescent protein tagging to ligand, or indirectly by visualizing the cleavage of the transmembrane pro-ligands or plasma membrane fusion of endosomes comprising the paracrine factors. Diffusion of paracrine factors has been studied using techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence decay after photoactivation (FDAP), and single-molecule tracking. …”
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Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or Opportunity? by Sin-Yeang Teow, Alif Che Nordin, Syed A. Ali, Alan Soo-Beng Khoo

“…Nanometre-sized vesicles, also known as exosomes, are derived from endosomes of diverse cell types and present in multiple biological fluids. …”
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Imaging lipid rafts reveals the principle of ApoE4-induced Aβ upregulation in human neurons by Se-In Lee, Heejin Lim, Na Yeon Kim, Jichang Yu, Joonho Cho, Hyein Lee, Dae Won Moon, Jinsoo Seo

“…Amyloid-β (Aβ), a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is generated from the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) by β- and γ-secretases, primarily within endosomes after APP endocytosis by canonical clathrin-mediated endocytosis in neurons. …”
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GTPase GPN3 facilitates cell proliferation and migration in non-small cell lung cancer by impeding clathrin-mediated endocytosis of EGFR by Linlin Xu, Jiankun Guo, Xinsheng Xie, Hailong Wang, Alan Jiang, Changhua Huang, Hua Yang, Shiwen Luo, Limin Chen

“…Furthermore, we discovered that GPN3 interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and regulates the co-localization of EGFR and CLTA, as well as the localization of EGFR in early endosomes upon EGF stimulation. As a result, this leads to a decrease in endocytic levels of EGFR and an increase in the accumulation of EGFR on the cell membrane surface, thereby prolonging activation of EGFR signaling. …”
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Virus adaptation to heparan sulfate comes with capsid stability tradeoff by Han Kang Tee, Simon Crouzet, Arunima Muliyil, Gregory Mathez, Valeria Cagno, Matteo Dal Peraro, Aleksandar Antanasijevic, Sophie Clément, Caroline Tapparel

“…In this study, we used enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) as the model and demonstrated that, unlike the parental MP4 variant, the cell-adapted strong HS-binder MP4-97R/167 G does not require acidification for uncoating and releases its genome in the neutral or weakly acidic environment of early endosomes. We experimentally confirmed that this pH-independent entry is not associated with the use of HS as an attachment receptor but rather with compromised capsid stability. …”
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Molecular Characterization and Evolution Analysis of Two Forms of TLR5 and TLR13 Genes Base on Larimichthys crocea Genome Data by Lihua Jiang, Liyi Pei, Ping Wang, Liqin Liu, Gong Li, Binjian Liu, Zhenming Lǚ, Tabata Hiromasa, Hao Pan, Atsushi Ogura

“…TLR13 is a TLR that localizes to endosomes and recognizes nucleic acids released by internal microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. …”
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Cyclophilin–CD147 interaction enables SARS-CoV-2 infection of human monocytes and their activation via Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 by Gabor Tajti, Laura Gebetsberger, Gregor Pamlitschka, Katharina Aigner-Radakovics, Judith Leitner, Peter Steinberger, Hannes Stockinger, Anna Ohradanova-Repic

“…Secondly, upon viral uptake via the cyclophilin-CD147 interaction, that can be inhibited by specific CD147 blocking antibodies or competition with recombinant human cyclophilin A and B, SARS-CoV-2 RNA is recognized by TLR7/8 in endosomes, leading to upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, comprising the core hyperinflammatory signature. …”
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Reinforcing cancer immunotherapy with engineered porous hollow mycobacterium tuberculosis loaded with tumor neoantigens by Jie Jiang, Feng-Ying Huang, Shu-Zhen Dai, Guang-Hong Tan, Ming-Hui Chen, Hengyu Chen, Wu-Ping Zheng, Ri-Hong Wu, Weijing Xie

“…Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect PAMPs and adhesion molecules on phMTb as well as to observe its role in aiding dendritic cells (DCs) in antigen uptake into endosomes or lysosomes. Flow cytometry was used to assess the retention of PAMPs and adhesion molecules on phMTb, investigate antigen uptake by DCs, evaluate their activation and maturation status, examine the presentation of tumor neoantigens, and analyze immune cells in draining lymph nodes and tumor tissues. …”
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Cd99l2 regulates excitatory synapse development and restrains immediate-early gene activation by Minji Kang, Sang Ho Yoon, Minkyung Kang, Seung Pyo Park, Woo Seok Song, Jungho Kim, Seungha Lee, Da-ha Park, Jae-man Song, Beomsue Kim, Kyung Hee Park, Eun-Hye Joe, Hyun Goo Woo, Seong Hoe Park, Bong-Kiun Kaang, Dohyun Han, Yong-Seok Lee, Myoung-Hwan Kim, Young Ho Suh

“…Neuronal inactivation increases the transport of Cd99l2 to the cell surface from recycling endosomes, thereby enhancing Cd99l2-mediated inhibitory signaling. …”
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Dual Control of Host Actin Polymerization by a Legionella Effector Pair by M. Pillon, C. Michard, N. Baïlo, J. Bougnon, K. Picq, O. Dubois, C. Andrea, L. Attaiech, V. Daubin, S. Jarraud, E. Kay, P. Doublet

“…Here, we define the functional interactions between VipA and LegK2, two effectors with antagonistic activities towards actin polymerization that have been proposed to interfere with the endosomal pathway. We confirmed the prominent role of LegK2 effector in Legionella infection, as the deletion of legK2 results in defects in the inhibition of actin polymerization at the Legionella-containing vacuole, as well as in endosomal escape of bacteria and subsequent intracellular replication. …”
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Self-Assembling Multifunctional Peptide Dimers for Gene Delivery Systems by Kitae Ryu, Gyeong Jin Lee, Ji-yeong Choi, Taewan Kim, Tae-il Kim

“…Bafilomycin A1-treated transfection results suggest that the transfection of MPD is mediated via endosomal escape by endosome buffering ability. These results show the potential of MPD for MMP-2 targeted gene delivery systems due to its multifunctionality.…”
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Interaction of toll-like receptors and ACE-2 with different variants of SARS-CoV-2: A computational analysis by Azadeh Zahmatkesh, Elham Salmasi, Reza Gholizadeh

“…Introduction: Computational studies were performed to investigate the unknown status of endosomal and cell surface receptors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. …”
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