Assessment of Traffic-Related Ambient Air Particulate Matter (PM) Levels in Douala, Cameroon by Yannick Cédric Ngangmo, Cyrille Adiang Mezoue, Cyrille Meukaleuni, Brice B. S. Wandjie, David Monkam

“…Air pollution around the world is becoming a societal problem, and developed countries have all the necessary information about the levels of most air pollutants; however, underdeveloped countries have inadequate information on air quality. …”
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Construction of prokaryotic system for expression of porcine circovirus type 2 ORF-2 gene fragment by A. G. Galeeva, A. R. Akhunova, K. V. Usoltsev, N. I. Khammadov, M. A. Efimova

“…Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs) are among the most significant challenges for pig farming in developed countries. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is considered the main etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in piglets. …”
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The contribution of intellectual capital to banks' competitive and financial performance: The evidence from Poland by Monika Klimontowicz, Justyna Majewska

“…ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The majority of the IC research concentrate on developed countries, and very little is known about developing and transition countries that were successful on their journey. …”
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Food safety practice and its associated factors among food handlers working in food and drinking establishments in Hargeisa, Somaliland by Mohamed Mussa Abdilahi, Jonah Kiruja, Abdisamad Shukri Ismail, Soheir H. Ahmed, Faisal Nooh, Ayanle Suleiman Ahmed, Abdiqathar Rashid Kulmie

“…Additionally, it is estimated that upto 30% of people in developed countries experience food-borne illnesses annually, while developing countries suffer around 2 million deaths from these diseases each year. …”
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Could Infectious Agents Play a Role in the Onset of Age-related Macular Degeneration? A Scoping Review by Petra P. Larsen, MD, PhD, Virginie Dinet, PhD, Cécile Delcourt, PhD, Catherine Helmer, MD, PhD, Morgane Linard, MD, PhD

“…Clinical relevance: Age-related macular degeneration is a multifactorial disease and the leading cause of vision loss among older adults in developed countries. Clarifying whether certain infections participate in its onset or progression seems essential, given the potential implications for treatment and prevention. …”
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Human Papillomavirus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Oral Microbiota Interplay in Nigerian Youth (HOMINY): A Prospective Cohort Study Protocol by Jia Liu, Esosa Osagie, Paul Akhigbe, Nosakhare Idemudia, Ozoemene Obuekwe, Ruxton Adebiyi, Nicolas Schlecht, Yana Bromberg, Fidelis E Eki-Udoko, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Modupe Oluseun Coker

“…Most data on oral HR-HPV in PLWH come from developed countries or adult cohorts. This study aims to investigate oral HR-HPV susceptibility and persistence among children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) and to understand the roles of perinatal HIV exposure, infection, antiretroviral treatment, and the oral microbiome.Methods and analysis This prospective cohort study is ongoing at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Nigeria, involving mother-child pairs followed at 6-month intervals for 2 years. …”
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MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS THROUGH THE FORMATION OF THEIR ENERGY DEPENDENCE BASED ON THE INTENSIFICATION OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION by Yuliia Okhota, Denys Titov, Svitlana Dotsiuk

“…This comprehensive approach enabled an in-depth analysis of the opportunities and limitations of bioenergy in Ukraine, in particular by comparing biomass use practices in developed countries and identifying effective strategies for the Ukrainian context. …”
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Prevalence and investigation of Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in blood donors from the main blood establishment in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil by Agildo da Silva Oliveira, Jéssica Gonçalves Pereira, Gabrielle Tantos Nunes, Ivanildo Pedro de Sousa Junior, Dmitry José de Santana Sarmento, Josiane Iole França Lopes, Luiz Amorim Filho, Vanessa Salete de Paula

“…Discussion: Given that there are approximately 100,000 blood donations per year, this prevalence rate is considerably high compared to that in developed countries. These findings underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance and molecular testing to ensure the safety of blood supplies.…”
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Detection and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in human and animal stool samples using high-resolution melting analysis by Ghodratollah Salehi Sangani, Ahmad Hosseini-Safa, Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash, Pooria Salehi Sangani, Mehdi Zarean, Elham Moghaddas, Saeid Zoghdar Moghadam, Lida Jarahi, Ali Gholizadeh, Fariba Berenji

“…Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, with prevalence rates ranging from 20% in developed countries to over 60% in developing regions. Although the pathogenicity of Blastocystis remains debated, it has been detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. …”
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Fear of childbirth and psychiatric disorders decrease the likelihood of subsequent births: a retrospective register-based cohort study by Elina Silvan, Terhi Saisto, Tia Mäkelä, Katariina Salmela-Aro, Mika Gissler, Laura Lampio

“…Abstract Background Mirroring other developed countries globally, the birth rate has decreased in Finland in recent years. …”
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Instruments for assessing patient-reported experience measures among patients with diabetes mellitus: a scoping review by Soe Sandi Tint, Myo Zin Oo, Nida Buawangpong, Wichuda Jiraporncharoen, Nutchar Wiwatkunupakarn, Kittipan Rerkasem, Kanokwan Kulprachakarn, Hataichanok Chuljerm, Timothy E. O’Brien, Rohini Mathur, Chaisiri Angkurawaranon

“…Results Eight articles from six countries representing different healthcare settings were included, mostly from developed countries. A variety of methodologies were used to develop these PREM instruments, with unique domains and items. …”
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Epidemics In The 21st Century: A Multifaceted Challenge by Shawana Sharif

“…Dengue is yet another significant challenge for the healthcare system of many under-developed countries, especially Pakistan, affecting many people each year. …”
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Gambaran Kejadian Hemoptisis pada Pasien di Bangsal Paru RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang Periode Januari 2011 – Desember 2012 by Intan Irfa, Irvan Medison, Detty Iryani

“…In Indonesia and other developed countries, pulmonary tuberculosis is a main etiology of hemoptysis. …”
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Infection-Related Stillbirths: A Detailed Examination of a Nine-Year Multidisciplinary Study by Liliana Gabrielli, Matteo Pavoni, Francesca Monari, Federico Baiesi Pillastrini, Maria Paola Bonasoni, Chiara Locatelli, Maria Bisulli, Alessandra Vancini, Ilaria Cataneo, Margherita Ortalli, Giulia Piccirilli, Alessia Cantiani, Simone Ambretti, Fabio Facchinetti, Tiziana Lazzarotto

“…Conclusions: Infections were likely associated with fetal death in 3.8% of cases. Thus, in developed countries, an infection, defined when positive microbiological findings are associated with histological evidence of organ damage, is a minor contributory factor in SB.…”
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Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Giardia duodenalis Infection in Preschool Children from Lisbon, Portugal by Filipa Santana Ferreira, Rita Alexandre dos Santos Soares de Bellegarde Machado Sá da Bandeira, Cláudia Alexandra Cecílio de Sampaio Ferreira Constantino, Ana Maria Teixeira Duarte Cancela da Fonseca, Joana da Graça Matias Gomes, Rúben Miguel Lopes Rodrigues, Jorge Luís Marques da Silva Atouguia, Sónia Chavarria Alves Ferreira Centeno-Lima

“…The data presented here show the relevance of considering G. duodenalis analysis in children with intestinal complaints even in developed countries.…”
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It is time to tackle psychological determinants of obesity and eating disorders by Pietro Crescenzo

“…Obesity and malnutrition are two sides of the same question and they are probably one of the most evidence of social and economic inequalities in the world today [3]. In developed countries, obesity and overweight are global public health challenges that are devastating health and economy, as they are increasing at an alarming rate, taking into account the fact that childhood obesity affects both developed and developing countries of all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity [4]. …”
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Toxic effects of monocrotophos and glyphosate on the female reproductive organ and aromatase gene expression in climbing perch by Sujata Mohapatra, Rajesh Kumar, Jitendra Kumar Sundaray, Lakshman Sahoo, Mohd Ashraf Rather, Sangita Dixit, Vasam Manohar, Kiran Rasal, Sukanta K. Pradhan, C.S.K. Mishra, Dhananjaya Mishra, SriangaTilak Patnaik

“…Monocrotophos (MCP) and Glyphosate (GLY) are used as an insecticide and herbicide respectively in agricultural fields in India and other developed countries. Since agricultural fields are located close to water bodies, there is a high risk of water contamination by these chemicals with consequent residue accumulation in aquatic biota including fish. …”
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Changes in Uterine Cancer Incidence Rates in Egypt by Saad Alshahrani, Amr S. Soliman, Ahmed Hablas, Mohamed Ramadan, Jane L. Meza, Steven Remmenga, Ibrahim A. Seifeldein, Robert M. Chamberlain

“…Uterine cancer is one of the top-ranking cancers in women with wide international variations in incidence rates. Developed countries have higher incidence rates than the developing countries. …”
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Hubungan Usia dengan Gambaran Klinikopatologi Kanker Hubungan Usia dengan Gambaran Klinikopatologi Kanker Hubungan Usia dengan Gambaran Klinikopatologi Kanker Hubungan Usia dengan... by Aisha Rahmatya, Daan Khambri, Henny Mulyani

“…The incidences of the disease vary globally, it has been reported to be increasing in developing countries while slightly down in developed countries. …”
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Admission Blood Glucose Level with a Cutoff Value of 15 mmol/L Is a Reliable Predictor of Mortality in Polytraumatized Patients—a Prospective, Observational, Longitudina... by Armanious TR, Khalifa AA, Abubeih H, Badran M, Adam FF, Farouk O

“…Tamer R Armanious,1 Ahmed A Khalifa,2 Hossam Abubeih,1 Mahmoud Badran,1 Faisal Fahmy Adam,1 Osama Farouk1 1Orthopaedic Department, Assiut University Trauma Hospital, Assiut, Egypt; 2Orthopaedic Department, Qena Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital at South Valley University, Qena, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed A Khalifa, Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Department, Qena Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, Tel +201224466151, Email ahmed_adel0391@med.svu.edu.egBackground: Abnormal admission blood glucose levels were proved to have a mortality predictive value in polytraumatized patients, as reported by studies in developed countries. Reports from developing countries are scarce.Objective: To evaluate the reliability of on-admission blood glucose levels in predicting mortality in polytraumatized patients presented to a North African (developing country) trauma center. …”
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