Blockchain empowered 6G by Yueyue DAI, Ke ZHANG, Yan ZHANG

“…6G network not only explore higher communication rates but also combine with the emerging technologies such as cloud computing,edge computing,artificial intelligence,and big data,and use a new network architecture to achieve wider interconnection and interoperability across network and domains,and provide an intelligent,safe and efficient technical support for industrial Internet of things,smart cities,and intelligent transportation.Blockchain technology as a decentralized,open and transparent distributed ledger technology can provide strong security for 6G.The integration of blockchain technology and 6G network was studied.Firstly,the difference between 5G and 6G network and the challenges of 6G faced were given,and the research of blockchain technology in spectrum management,mobile edge computing and D2D communication was reviewed.Then,the integration of blockchain technology and 6G emerging network was explored.Thus,the technical challenges in terms of blockchain and the cloud-edge-device network,blockchain and federal learning,blockchain-based resource transactions,and lightweight blockchain for edge network were presented.The corresponding solutions were also given.…”
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Patterns of Neglect Dissociation by Cristina Barbieri, Ennio De Renzi

“…Exploration of contralateral space would appear to be a process monitored by mechanisms decentralized at the level of the single modality rather than by a supramodal supervisor.…”
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Tamactún-Acalán: interpretación de una hegemonía política maya de los siglos xiv-xvi by Andrés Ciudad Ruiz, Alfonso Lacadena García-Gallo

“…At the same time, there is no agreement among scholars about whether the ancient Maya were politically organized in decentralized states of segmentary nature, or in regional centralized states. …”
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Water insecurity is human: why social science must be at the core of water security research and practice by Amber Wutich

“…New research highlights how social and engineered infrastructures that are hybrid, modular, adaptive, and decentralized can improve water security for the most vulnerable populations. …”
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State Control and Commercial Influence in Provisioning Constantinople by Hüseyin Erkan Bedirhanoğlu

“…It traces the evolution of Byzantine economic structures, focusing on the transition from state-controlled supply under the Roman model to a more decentralized system influenced by foreign merchants, particularly Italians. …”
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DeTEcT: dynamic and probabilistic parameters extension by R. Sadykhov, G. Goodell, P. Treleaven

“…This paper presents a theoretical extension of the Decentralized Token Economy Theory (DeTEcT) framework proposed by Sadykhov et al. …”
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Application of blockchain in urban rail traffic edge computing network by Gaochang XIE, Hua LU, Qinqin TANG, Han ZHU, Chenghao LIANG, Wen WEN, Renchao XIE

“…Multi-access edge computing (MEC) can provide high-quality service capabilities for computing-intensive services and delay-sensitive services in urban rail traffic.However, many edge facilities in rail traffic edge computing network are exposed to an open environment, and their privacy protection and transmission security are facing great challenges.Blockchain has functional characteristics such as distributed ledger, consensus mechanism, smart contract, and decentralized application.Therefore, the use of blockchain can build a systematic security protection mechanism for the distributed rail traffic edge computing network to ensure network security and data security and realize high-quality urban rail traffic services.Firstly, the basic concept of the blockchain and the urban rail traffic edge computing network architecture were introduced.Then, the structure and application content of the rail traffic edge computing network security protection mechanism integrated with the blockchain was discussed in detail.Finally, the open research issues and challenges of the security protection mechanism were analyzed.…”
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Microfluidics for Positron Emission Tomography Probe Development by Ming-Wei Wang, Wei-Yu Lin, Kan Liu, Michael Masterman-Smith, Clifton Kwang-Fu Shen

“…Along with the concept of radioisotope distribution from centralized cyclotron facilities to individual imaging centers and laboratories (“decentralized model”), an easy-to-use, stand-alone, flexible, fully automated, radiochemical microfluidic platform can provide simpler and more cost-effective procedures for molecular imaging using PET.…”
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Exploring the Potential of Blockchain Technology in an IoT-Enabled Environment: A Review by Deepak, Preeti Gulia, Nasib Singh Gill, Mohammad Yahya, Punit Gupta, Prashant Kumar Shukla, Piyush Kumar Shukla

“…Blockchain technology can enhance IoT security by providing decentralized consensus, immutability, and transparent transaction records, ensuring secure and trustworthy communication and data integrity. …”
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Hierarchical Aggregation for Federated Learning in Heterogeneous IoT Scenarios: Enhancing Privacy and Communication Efficiency by Chen Qiu, Ziang Wu, Haoda Wang, Qinglin Yang, Yu Wang, Chunhua Su

“…Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine-learning paradigm that enables models to be trained across multiple decentralized devices or servers holding local data without transferring the raw data to a central location. …”
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Empowering Diabetes Management Through Blockchain and Edge Computing: A Systematic Review of Healthcare Innovations and Challenges by K. Tlemcani, K. Azbeg, E. Saoudi, L. Fetjah, O. Ouchetto, S. Jai Andaloussi

“…We analyzed 52 studies, categorizing findings into three key areas: enhanced data security and privacy through decentralized frameworks and tamper-proof storage; real-time data processing, enabled by edge computing for immediate analytics and alerts; and scalability, achieved via hybrid architectures that optimize data handling. …”
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Optimization and Thermoeconomics Research of a Large Reclaimed Water Source Heat Pump System by Zi-ping Zhang, Fang-hui Du

“…According to the characteristics of the reclaimed water and taking into account the initial investment, the project is divided into two stages: the first stage adopts distributed heat pump heating system and the second adopts the combination of centralized and decentralized systems. We analyze the heating capacity of the RWSHPS, when the phase II project is completed, the system can provide hydronic heating water with the supply and return water temperature of 55°C/15°C and meet the hydronic heating demand of 8 million square meters of residential buildings. …”
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Using statistical traffic analysis to calculate the confidential means of information transmission by Нух Таха Насіф

“…Formulation of planning problems as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision-making process (DEC-POMDP) allows to make decisions in a distributed manner on each device without the need of centralized management.…”
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Ananlysis of Carbon Emission Reduction and Power Dominance between Single Manufacturer and Single Retailer in Regulatory Cap and Trade System by Liang-jie Xia, Hua-wei Zhi

“…The research shows some important conclusions: in the supply chain, the dominant manufacturer is not able to encourage the retailer to improve its promotion level by increasing its carbon cutting level, but the optimal emission reduction level increases with the dominant retailer’s promotion level; the optimal promotion level, emission reduction, and product demand in a retailer leading supply chain are higher than those in a supply chain dominated by manufacturer; with the new side-payment self-enforcing contract, decentralized decision according to individual rationality incurs a collective reason effect in the centralized setting.…”
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BSAMS: Blockchain-Based Secure Authentication Scheme in Meteorological Systems by Yashar Salami, Seyedreza Hosseini

“…One of the important solutions to this problem is using distributed and decentralized networks such as blockchain. So far, various blockchain-based authentication and key agreement protocols have been presented in the Internet of Things and similar environments. …”
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The roadmap to integrate diversity, equity, and inclusion in hematology clinical trials: an American Society of Hematology initiative by Alice Kuaban, Alysha K. Croker, Jeffrey Keefer, Leonard A. Valentino, Barbara E. Bierer, Stephen Boateng, Donna DiMichele, Patrick Fogarty, C. Michael Gibson, Anna M. Hood, Lloryn Hubbard, Antonella Isgrò, Karin Knobe, Leslie Lake, Iman Martin, Michel Reid, Jonathan C. Roberts, Wendy Tomlinson, Lanre Tunji-Ajayi, Harriette G.C. Van Spall, Caroline Voltz-Girolt, Allison P. Wheeler, Alan E. Mast, Stephanie Seremetis

“…Eight issues identified include (1) harmonization of demographic terminology; (2) engagement of lived experience experts across the entire study timeline; (3) awareness of how implicit biases impede patient enrollment; (4) the need for institutional review boards to uphold the justice principle of clinical trial enrollment; (5) broadening of eligibility criteria; (6) decentralized trial design; (7) improving access to clinical trial information; and (8) increased community physician involvement. …”
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Low-Cost Domestic Grey Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System. by Mubangizi, Paul Steven

“…In conclusion, the findings highlight the potential of low-cost, decentralized wastewater treatment systems to provide sustainable and effective solutions for domestic wastewater management. …”
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Énergies renouvelables et coopération transfrontalière : la gouvernance multi-niveaux du processus de planification énergétique by Melis Aras

“…In accordance with commitments made at the international (Paris Climate Agreement) and European (Clean energy for all Europeans package) level, the climate emergency requires not only promoting the production of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but also enhancing the potential for cooperation between all stakeholders, including Member States, local authorities and citizens, for both common (European) and decentralized action. The European strategy for an “Energy Union”, which reaffirms the need to use RES, considers cross-border cooperation as one of the vehicles for the European energy transition. …”
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Management of MEC Service and Optimization of Mission Migration in LEO Satellite Networks by Zhihui LIU, Huan WEI, Jie YIN, Junyi WANG, Shichao JIN, Tao DONG

“…Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites play an important role in the communication of earth observation and wide area coverage because of their advantages of short transmission delay and low deployment cost.Due to limited size and weight of LEO satellite platform, the function of each LEO satellite node is relatively single, which requires effi cient collaboration among various LEO satellite nodes to form a high-performance satellite network with decentralized functions and converged capabilities.It puts forward certain requirements for network service management.Aiming at the cooperative scenario that remote sensing satellites migrate observated task data to LEO satellite constellation with mobile edge computing (MEC) service deployed, the MEC service management model based on software defi ned network in LEO satellite networks was studied, a cross-slot task migration optimization method with the aid of time extended graph was proposed.The simulation results showed that the task migration optimization method could eff ectively reduced the cost of observation satellite processing tasks.And it could off ered the management model for LEO satellite networks that deployed MEC servers.…”
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ContractGuard:defend Ethereum smart contract with embedded intrusion detection by Gansen ZHAO, Zhijian XIE, Xinming WANG, Jiahao HE, Chengzhi ZHANG, Chengchuang LIN, ZHOU Ziheng, Bingchuan CHEN, RONG Chunming

“…Ethereum smart contracts are programs that can be collectively executed by a network of mutually untrusted nodes.Smart contracts handle and transfer assets of values,offering strong incentives for malicious attacks.Intrusion attacks are a popular type of malicious attacks.ContractGuard,the first intrusion detection system (IDS) was proposed to defend Ethereum smart contracts against such attacks.Like IDSs for conventional programs,ContractGuard detects intrusion attempts as abnormal control flow.However,existing IDS techniques or tools are inapplicable to Ethereum smart contracts due to Ethereum’s decentralized nature and its highly restrictive execution environment.To address these issues,ContractGuard was designed by embedding it in the contracts.At runtime,ContractGuard protects the smart contract by monitoring the context-tagged acyclic path of the smart contract.As ContractGuard involves deployment overhead and deployment overhead.It was optimized under the Ethereum Gas-oriented performance model to reduce the overheads.The experimental results show that this work can effectively detect 83% of vulnerabilities,ContractGuard only adds to 36.14% of the deployment overhead and 28.27% of the runtime overhead.…”
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