Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response by Vera L. Petricevich

“…Although the pathophysiology of envenomation is complex and not yet fully understood, venom and immune responses are known to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators that are largely mediated by cytokines. In models of severe systemic inflammation produced by injection of high doses of venom or venoms products, the increase in production of proinflammatory cytokines significantly contributes to immunological imbalance, multiple organ dysfunction and death. …”
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Hyperleptinemia, Adiposity, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults by Suruchi Mishra, Tamara B. Harris, Trisha Hue, Iva Miljkovic, Suzanne Satterfield, Nathalie de Rekeneire, Mira Mehta, Nadine R. Sahyoun

“…Baseline measurements included leptin, cytokines, BMI, total percent fat, and visceral and subcutaneous fat. …”
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The Role of IL-6 and TNF-Alpha Biomarkers in Predicting Disability Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients by Ciprian-Ionuț Băcilă, Maria-Gabriela Vlădoiu, Mădălina Văleanu, Doru-Florian-Cornel Moga, Pia-Manuela Pumnea

“…Further research into anti-inflammatory therapies targeting these cytokines may improve stroke rehabilitation and outcomes.…”
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NRF2 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Induced gEECs by Inhibiting the Activation of the NF-κB by Hongchu Bao, Qinglan Qu, Wei Zhang, Xinrong Wang, Jianye Fang, Jinwen Xue, Zhenteng Liu, Shunzhi He

“…Our work also suggests that NRF2 inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by directly binding to p65.…”
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The Immune Response to Tumors as a Tool toward Immunotherapy by F. Pandolfi, R. Cianci, D. Pagliari, F. Casciano, C. Bagalà, A. Astone, R. Landolfi, C. Barone

“…Immunotherapy may also use cytokines especially proinflammatory cytokines to enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). …”
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Proinflammatory Stimuli Enhance Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Neutrophil Granulocytes by Lars Hellberg, Sabrina Fuchs, Christoph Gericke, Arup Sarkar, Martina Behnen, Werner Solbach, Tamás Laskay

“…Since at sites of infection/inflammation neutrophils are exposed to microbial constituents and proinflammatory cytokines, in the present study we analyzed the effect of TLR-ligands and cytokines on the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose apoptotic cells in vitro. …”
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Multifunctional Analysis of CD4+ T-Cell Response as Immune-Based Model for Tuberculosis Detection by Miriam Lichtner, Claudia Mascia, Ilaria Sauzullo, Fabio Mengoni, Serena Vita, Raffaella Marocco, Valeria Belvisi, Gianluca Russo, Vincenzo Vullo, Claudio M. Mastroianni

“…Cytokines production by CD4+ T cells at single-cell levels was higher in TB-infected subjects than uninfected controls P<0.0001. …”
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Arterial Hypertension and Interleukins: Potential Therapeutic Target or Future Diagnostic Marker? by Daniela Maria Tanase, Evelina Maria Gosav, Smaranda Radu, Anca Ouatu, Ciprian Rezus, Manuela Ciocoiu, Claudia Florida Costea, Mariana Floria

“…Moreover, some cytokines (i.e., IL-6) seem to determine a hypertensive response to angiotensin II, regardless of blood pressure values. …”
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Hyperlipidemia May Synergize with Hypomethylation in Establishing Trained Immunity and Promoting Inflammation in NASH and NAFLD by Charles I. V. Drummer, Fatma Saaoud, Yu Sun, Diana Atar, Keman Xu, Yifan Lu, Ying Shao, Candice Johnson, Lu Liu, Huimin Shen, Nirag C. Jhala, Xiaohua Jiang, Hong Wang, Xiaofeng Yang

“…We performed a panoramic analysis on both human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) microarray data and microarray/RNA-seq data from various mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH/NAFLD with total 4249 genes examined and made the following findings: (i) human NASH and NAFLD mouse models upregulate both cytokines and chemokines; (ii) pathway analysis indicated that human NASH can be classified into metabolic and immune NASH; methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD)+high-fat diet (HFD), glycine N-methyltransferase deficient (GNMT-KO), methionine adenosyltransferase 1A deficient (MAT1A-KO), and HFCD (high-fat-cholesterol diet) can be classified into inflammatory, SAM accumulation, cholesterol/mevalonate, and LXR/RXR-fatty acid β-oxidation NAFLD, respectively; (iii) canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes play differential roles in the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD; (iv) trained immunity (TI) enzymes are significantly upregulated in NASH/NAFLD; HFCD upregulates TI enzymes more than cytokines, chemokines, and inflammasome regulators; (v) the MCD+HFD is a model with the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes; however, the HFCD is a model with upregulation of TI enzymes and lipid peroxidation enzymes; and (vi) caspase-11 and caspase-1 act as upstream master regulators, which partially upregulate the expressions of cytokines, chemokines, canonical and noncanonical inflammasome pathway regulators, TI enzymes, and lipid peroxidation enzymes. …”
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Th17 Cells in Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases by José Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza, Enrique Jhonatan Romo-Martínez, Ma. de Jesús Durán-Avelar, Noemí García-Magallanes, Norberto Vibanco-Pérez

“…Similar to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17 cells require specific cytokines and transcription factors for their differentiation. …”
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Neutrophil Function in an Inflammatory Milieu of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Weiqian Chen, Qin Wang, Yini Ke, Jin Lin

“…Concurrently, proinflammatory cytokines regulate the neutrophil migration, apoptosis, and NET formation. …”
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Quercetin Pretreatment Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy by Inhibiting ERK/NF-κB Pathway by Liwei Wu, Qinghui Zhang, Weiqi Dai, Sainan Li, Jiao Feng, Jingjing Li, Tong Liu, Shizan Xu, Wenwen Wang, Xiya Lu, Qiang Yu, Kan Chen, Yujing Xia, Jie Lu, Yingqun Zhou, Xiaoming Fan, Chuanyong Guo

“…The expression levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and other marker proteins were determined at 2, 8, and 24 hours after IR. …”
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Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery by Luke R. Jackson, Anna Erickson, Kevin Camphausen, Andra V. Krauze

“…Cytokines are the effector molecules of the immune system. …”
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Untangling the Web of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases by Donato Rigante, Giuseppe Lopalco, Antonio Vitale, Orso Maria Lucherini, Francesco Caso, Caterina De Clemente, Francesco Molinaro, Mario Messina, Luisa Costa, Mariangela Atteno, Franco Laghi-Pasini, Giovanni Lapadula, Mauro Galeazzi, Florenzo Iannone, Luca Cantarini

“…The innate immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs), an enlarging group of disorders caused by dysregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, in which autoreactive T-lymphocytes and autoantibodies are indeed absent. …”
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Milk fat globule membrane supplementation protects against β-lactoglobulin-induced food allergy in mice via upregulation of regulatory T cells and enhancement of intestinal barrier... by Han Gong, Tiange Li, Dong Liang, Jingxin Gao, Xiaohan Liu, Xueying Mao

“…Results demonstrated that MFGM alleviated food allergy symptoms, decreased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide, pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgG1, and Th2 cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, while increased serum levels of Th1 cytokines including interferon-γ and regulatory T cells (Tregs) cytokines including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. …”
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CCR2 signaling regulates anti-chlamydia T cell immune responses in the airway. by Shuaini Yang, Jinxi Yu, Xue Dong, Jiajia Zeng, Lu Tan, Hong Zhang, Ruoyuan Sun, Yuqing Tuo, Jing Yang, Chunxiao Wan, Hong Bai

“…Conversely, ccr2-/- mice exhibit an exaggerated Th2-type immune response, with elevated levels of Th2-promoting cytokines (IL-4), transcription factors (STAT6 and gata3), and il-5, which together lead to more severe lung tissue damage and increased susceptibility to infection. …”
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High Dimensionality Reduction and Immune Phenotyping of Natural Killer and Invariant Natural Killer Cells in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity by Gokul Raj Kathamuthu, Nathella Pavan Kumar, Kadar Moideen, Pradeep A. Menon, Subash Babu

“…However, the role of NK and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers in latent tuberculosis (LTB), diabetes mellitus (DM), or preDM (PDM) and nonDM (NDM) comorbidities is not known. …”
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PPAR-γ Signaling Crosstalk in Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Ichiro Takada, Alexander P. Kouzmenko, Shigeaki Kato

“…Among other functions, PPAR-γ acts as a key regulator of the adipogenesis. Since several cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, TGF-β) had been known to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we examined the effect of these cytokines on the transactivation function of PPAR-γ. …”
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Inflammation and Inflammasomes: Pros and Cons in Tumorigenesis by Liliana R. Balahura, Aida Selaru, Sorina Dinescu, Marieta Costache

“…During this event, proinflammatory cytokines are produced by numerous types of cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and tumor cells, and are able to promote the initiation, progression, and metastasis of different types of cancer. …”
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Expression and Secretion of CXCL-8 and CXCL-10 From <emph>Mycobacterium Bovis</emph> BCG-Infected Human Epithelial Cells: Role of IL-4

“…<p>CXC chemokine release can be modulated by Th2-derived cytokines. Interleukin(IL)-4 is one of the cytokines that are the hallmark of the Th-2 response, and plays an important role in human tuberculosis. …”
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