The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis by Yoke Yue Chow, Kok-Yong Chin

“…This stimulates the release of early-stage inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which in turn induces the activation of signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). …”
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Effects of Macrofungal Polysaccharides Combined with Vemurafenib on Melanoma and Its Associated Mechanism by Wenya Wu, Zhigang Su, Shasha Fan

“…Results indicated that MFPS enhanced the inhibitory effect of Vemurafenib on tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice and the secretion of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 in PBMCs of melanoma-bearing mice. …”
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Crocetin Alleviates Inflammation in MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Models through Improving Mitochondrial Functions by Na Dong, Zhong Dong, Ying Chen, Xiaosu Gu

“…Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that crocetin treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory associated genes and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, crocetin treatment protected mitochondrial functions against MPP+ induced damage by regulating the mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) viability in the interaction of ANT (adenine nucleotide translocase) and Cyp D (Cyclophilin D) dependent manner. …”
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The Relationship between Frequently Used Glucose-Lowering Agents and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by You Lv, Xue Zhao, Weiying Guo, Ying Gao, Shuo Yang, Zhuo Li, Guixia Wang

“…Possible underlying mechanisms include affecting gene expression, lowering levels of inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the production of short-chain fatty acids. …”
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The Impact of HIV and Malaria Coinfection: What Is Known and Suggested Venues for Further Study by Sarah Hochman, Kami Kim

“…HIV and malaria each interact with the host's immune system, resulting in a complex activation of immune cells, and subsequent dysregulated production of cytokines and antibodies. Further investigation of these interactions is needed to better define effects of coinfection.…”
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Lipid Chaperones and Metabolic Inflammation by Masato Furuhashi, Shutaro Ishimura, Hideki Ota, Tetsuji Miura

“…Several inflammatory cytokines as well as lipids and metabolic stress pathways can activate metaflammation, which targets metabolically critical organs and tissues including adipocytes and macrophages to adversely affect systemic homeostasis. …”
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The Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Therapy by Mohammad Reza Kouchakian, Neda Baghban, Seyedeh Farzaneh Moniri, Mandana Baghban, Shabnam Bakhshalizadeh, Vahid Najafzadeh, Zahra Safaei, Safoura Izanlou, Arezoo Khoradmehr, Iraj Nabipour, Reza Shirazi, Amin Tamadon

“…MSCs display broad immunomodulatory properties since they are capable of secreting growth factors and chemotactic cytokines. Safety, accessibility, and isolation from patients without ethical concern make MSCs valuable sources for cell therapy approaches in autoimmune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases. …”
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Therapeutic Implications of PPARγ in Cardiovascular Diseases by Hiroshi Hasegawa, Hiroyuki Takano, Issei Komuro

“…Activation of PPARγ suppresses production of inflammatory cytokines, and there is accumulating data that PPARγ ligands exert antihypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiproliferative effects on vascular wall cells and cardiomyocytes. …”
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The Inflammatory Response to Miniaturised Extracorporeal Circulation: A Review of the Literature by Hunaid A. Vohra, Robert Whistance, Amit Modi, Sunil K. Ohri

“…MECC has been shown to reduce postoperative cytokines levels and other markers of inflammation. …”
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Targeting Toll-Like Receptors for Treatment of SLE by Christopher G. Horton, Zi-jian Pan, A. Darise Farris

“…Activation of these TLRs results in the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. Genome-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphism analyses as well as experimental mouse models have provided evidence of TLR signaling involvement in SLE and other autoimmune diseases. …”
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Role of Interferons in the Development of Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Therapy for Tuberculosis by Kai Ling Chin, Fadhilah Zulkipli Anis, Maria E. Sarmiento, Mohd Nor Norazmi, Armando Acosta

“…This review summarizes the main aspects related with the biology of IFNs, mainly associated with TB, as well as presents the main applications of these cytokines related to prophylaxis, diagnosis, and immunotherapy of TB.…”
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Role of PPARs in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Implications for Chagas Disease Therapy by Eugenia Hovsepian, Federico Penas, Gerardo A. Mirkin, Nora B. Goren

“…T. cruzi infection causes an intense inflammatory response in diverse tissues by triggering local expression of inflammatory mediators, which results in the upregulation of the levels of cytokines and chemokines, and important cardiac alterations in the host, being one of the most characteristic damages of Chagas disease. …”
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Myokines as Possible Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Cachexia by Emilia Manole, Laura C. Ceafalan, Bogdan O. Popescu, Carmen Dumitru, Alexandra E. Bastian

“…Signaling between muscles and other systems is done through myokines, cytokines, and proteins produced and released by myocytes. …”
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The Crosstalk between Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell Niche and the Tumor Microenvironment by Manuel Varas-Godoy, Gregory Rice, Sebastián E. Illanes

“…This interaction can be mediated by cytokines, growth factors, lipids, and/or extracellular vesicles released in the CSC niche. …”
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Plays an Important Role in the Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Neointimal Hyperplasia after Vascular Injury by Yu Peng, Qiang Li, Lu Zhang, Ming Bai, Zheng Zhang

“…It modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PPARα would decrease the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tissue factor, and inhibit neointimal formation in a murine double carotid artery injury model. …”
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Protective Effects of Chicken Egg Yolk Immunoglobulins (IgYs) against Vibrio vulnificus Infections by Ruizhao Cai, Ning Liu, Penghao Guo, Kang Liao, Mengzhi Li, Junyou Zhu, Shouyi Chen, Lei Chen, Bin Shu, Shaohai Qi

“…IgYs were produced by immunizing egg laying hens with inactivated whole cell bacteria. Peritoneal cytokines, blood’s bacterial load, and survival curves were obtained from both prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models. …”
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Genetic Associations in Acquired Immune-Mediated Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes: Insights in Aplastic Anemia and Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia by Irene Mavroudi, Helen A. Papadaki

“…Various alleles and haplotypes of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules have been implicated in the predisposition of developing the above diseases, as well as polymorphisms of inhibitory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β1 along with polymorphisms on molecules of the immune system including the T-bet transcription factor and signal transducers and activators of transcription. …”
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Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Promising Source for Biomarkers of Lung Disease by Yan Liang, Samantha M. Yeligar, Lou Ann S. Brown

“…Substances measured in EBC include oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid derivatives, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and inflammatory cytokines. Although EBC has great potential as a source of biomarkers in many lung diseases, the low concentrations of compounds within the EBC present challenges in sample collection and analysis. …”
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Reaction-Diffusion on a Spatial Mathematical Model of Cancer Immunotherapy with Effector Cells and IL-2 Compounds’ Interactions by Sulasri Suddin, Fajar Adi-Kusumo, Lina Aryati, Gunardi

“…In this paper, we consider the interactions among the cancer cell population, the effector cell population that is a part of the immune system, and cytokines that can be used to stimulate the effector cells called the IL-2 compounds. …”
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Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Aldosterone on Cardiometabolic Syndrome by P. Stiefel, A. J. Vallejo-Vaz, S. García Morillo, J. Villar

“…Although this relationship is complex, there is some evidence suggesting that different factors may play an important role, such as insulin resistance, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, sodium retention, increased sympathetic activity, levels of free fatty acids, or inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. In addition to the classical pathway by which aldosterone acts through the mineralocorticoid receptors leading to sodium retention, aldosterone also has other mechanisms that influence cardiovascular tissue remodelling. …”
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