Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia by Gianfranco Lauletta, Sabino Russi, Vincenza Conteduca, Loredana Sansonno

“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection is recognized as the major cause of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC). Its persistence represents a continuous stimulus for host immune system with production of circulating immune complexes (ICs), one-third of them with cryoprecipitate property. …”
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Hepatitis C Virus, Cryoglobulinemia, and Kidney: Novel Evidence by Fabrizio Fabrizi

“…The most frequent HCV-associated nephropathy is type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, usually in the context of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Various approaches have been tried for the treatment of HCV-related glomerulonephritis, including immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents), plasma exchange and antiviral agents. …”
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Concomitant Nephrotic Syndrome and Cryoglobulinemia in a Case of Malignant Mesothelioma by Kei Nagai, Hiroaki Tachi, Kohei Inoue, Atsushi Ueda

“…Malignant pleural mesothelioma is rarely associated with nephrotic syndrome. Cryoglobulinemia is found in various pathological statuses, such as hepatitis C virus infection but rarely in malignant neoplasms. …”
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Symptomatic Mixed Cryoglobulinemia during HIV Primary Infection: A Case Report by Philippe Genet, Laurence Courdavault, Bouchra Wifaq, Juliette Gerbe

“…Cryoglobulinemia progressively disappeared in several months after HAART.…”
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Cryoglobulinemia Associated With Multiple Myeloma in a Dog Presenting With Epistaxis and Skin Lesions by Myrto Spyropoulou, Ivan Montanes‐Sancho, Adam G. Gow, Suzanne Bussey

“…A diagnosis of multiple myeloma associated with cryoglobulinemia was made. The patient received palliative care with prednisolone while the owner was considering chemotherapy. …”
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B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the patient with chronic hepatitis C and mixed cryoglobulinemia by V. S. Adonyeva, Ye. A. Kolodyazhnaya, A. B. Bochkarev

“…Presence of mixed cryoglobulinemia within symptomatics of chronic HCV-infection, long history of infection were indicative of HCV-associated lymphoma development. …”
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Type III Mixed Cryoglobulinemia and Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Patient With Partial DiGeorge Syndrome by Alice D. Chang, Raffi Tachdjian, Kerry Gallagher, Deborah K. McCurdy, Charles Lassman, E. Richard Stiehm, Ora Yadin

“…This is the first report of a patient with partial DGS presenting with APS and type III mixed cryoglobulinemia possibly due to Streptococcal infection.…”
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Clinical role of endothelial dysfunction and hemostasis gene allelic variants in hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia by M. V. Sokolova, Ye. Ye. Starostina, T. N. Krasnova, L. M. Samokhodskaya, T. P. Rozina, V. G. Avdeyev, M. G. Artemova, Ye. B. Yarovaya, N. A. Mukhin

“…Original study included overall 72 patients with CHC and cryoglobulinemia: 21 patients had CryoVas, 51 - CHC without vasculitis. …”
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A Rare Cause of Unilateral Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in a Young Patient: Type III Mixed Cryoglobulinemia by Sibel Doguizi, Mehmet Ali Sekeroglu, Mustafa Alpaslan Anayol, Pelin Yilmazbas

“…Based on the clinical, laboratory, and ophthalmological assessments, we diagnosed this case as type III mixed cryoglobulinemia with unilateral CRVO with macular edema. …”
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A Rare Case of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Associated with Cryoglobulinemia Presenting with a Bullous Skin Eruption of the Lower Limbs by D. D. K. Abeyaratne, C. Liyanapathirana, C. L. Fonseka, P. W. M. C. S. B. Wijekoon

“…We report a rare case of EGPA overlapped with mixed essential cryoglobulinemia presenting with a bullous skin eruption. …”
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HCV Proteins and Immunoglobulin Variable Gene (IgV) Subfamilies in HCV-Induced Type II Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: A Concurrent Pathogenetic Role by Giuseppe Sautto, Nicasio Mancini, Laura Solforosi, Roberta A. Diotti, Massimo Clementi, Roberto Burioni

“…The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MCII) is well established, but the role played by distinct HCV proteins and by specific components of the anti-HCV humoral immune response remains to be clearly defined. …”
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Combined Treatment with Antiviral Therapy and Rituximab in Patients with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Review of the Literature and Report of a Case Using Direct Antiviral Agents-Based Antihepatitis C Virus Therapy by Teresa Urraro, Laura Gragnani, Alessia Piluso, Alessio Fabbrizzi, Monica Monti, Elisa Fognani, Barbara Boldrini, Jessica Ranieri, Anna Linda Zignego

“…Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is an autoimmune/B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, manifesting as a systemic vasculitis. …”
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A Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Presenting as a Mixed Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis by Gabriel Cojuc-Konigsberg, Isabel Natera-Comte, Blanca E. López Graciano, Luis Gerardo Mosqueda López, José Alonso Ávila-Rojo, Braulio Martínez, Juan C. Ramírez-Sandoval

“…Background. Mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome (MCS) is a rare entity with a variety of causes but has not been associated with testicular germ cell tumors. …”
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Autoimmune and Neoplastic Thyroid Diseases Associated with Hepatitis C Chronic Infection by Poupak Fallahi, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Ugo Politti, Dilia Giuggioli, Clodoveo Ferri, Alessandro Antonelli

“…In patients with “HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia” (MC + HCV), a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders was shown not only compared to controls, but also versus HCV patients without cryoglobulinemia. …”
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Virus-induced Systemic Vasculitides: New Therapeutic Approaches by Loïc Guillevin

“…In vasculitis related to HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia, plasma exchanges improve the outcome but the poor effectiveness of antiviral drugs is not able to favor, usually, a definite recovery of the patients and relapses are frequent.…”
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The clinical role of blood coagulation and platelet receptors gene allelic variants in development of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis at chronic hepatitis C by Yekaterina Ye. Starostina, M. V. Sokolova, L. M. Samokhodskaya, T. П. Rozina, T. N. Krasnova, Ye. B. Yarovaya, N. A. Mukhin

“…Original study included overall 200 patients with CHCs and liver cirrhosis in its outcome, who were divided into 3 groups: patients without cryoglobulinemia (CG, n=123), those with asymptomatic cryoglobulinemia (ACG, n=40) and with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CGV, n=37). …”
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Long-term results of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C with sustained virologic response by T. M. Ignatova, T. N. Lopatkina, V. P. Chulanov, Ye. V. Gaydasheva, S. N. Batskikh, G. V. Mikhaylovskaya, D. T. Abdurakhmanov, S. Yu. Karpov, Ye. N. Nikulkina, O. A. Chernova

“…No data on latent HCVinfection was obtained not in a single case, including patients with relapse of cryoglobulinemia syndrome. A principal cause of elevation of alanine transaminase activity was non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. …”
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Lymphoma-Associated Monoclonal Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis and Relationship with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Case Report by Sangeeta Mutnuri, Hania Kassem, John Badalamenti, You-Wen Qian, Christopher Marquez, Marjan Afrouzian

“…The renal biopsy revealed membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) due to cryoglobulinemia with unexpected monoclonal Kappa restriction on immunofluorescence microscopy, suggesting an underlying hematopoietic malignancy. …”
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HCV and Lymphoproliferation by Anna Linda Zignego, Carlo Giannini, Laura Gragnani

“…These latter range from benign, but prelymphomatous conditions, like mixed cryoglobulinemia, to frank lymphomas. Analogously with Helicobacter pylori related lymphomagenesis, the study of the effects of viral eradication confirmed the etiopathogenetic role of HCV and showed it is an ideal model for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. …”
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A Very Rare Complication of Hepatitis A Infection: Acute Myocarditis—A Case Report with Literature Review by Olivia Allen, Ahmed Edhi, Adam Hafeez, Alexandra Halalau

“…In addition, extrahepatic manifestations have been reported, including urticarial and maculopapular rash, acute kidney injury, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, acute pancreatitis, mononeuritis, reactive arthritis, glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia, Guillain–Barre syndrome, and pleural or pericardial effusion. …”
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