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  1. 1

    Taking the Evolution of the Standards of Proof for a Criminal Conviction Seriously by Jacopo Della Torre

    Published 2025-01-01
    “…The second part analyses the origins of the main standards for a criminal conviction used today: moral certainty, beyond reasonable doubt and intime conviction. …”
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    Circumstances to Be Clarified under the Investigation of Interference into Law Enforcement Officer’s Activity by V. O. Gusieva

    Published 2021-07-01
    “…It has been established that the circumstances to be clarified during the interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer include: 1) circumstances related to the criminal offense, namely: time, place, situation and traces of a criminal offense, methods of its commission (preparation, direct commission and concealment), tools and means used during the interference, the scope of procedural costs; circumstances that are the basis for ceasing criminal proceedings; the reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of a criminal offense; 2) circumstances related to the identity of the victim, including: socio-demographic characteristics of the victim, place of work, position held; official and functional responsibilities, the victim’s belonging to a law enforcement agency during the commission of a criminal offense against him; the type and scope of damage caused to the victim; 3) circumstances related to the identity of the offender, namely: socio-demographic data of the offender, physiological and psychological condition, gender, citizenship, financial status, place of work, the record of criminal conviction and the facts of bringing to administrative liability; the presence of dependent disabled people; the presence of guilt in the form of direct intent, the purpose of the action; circumstances that aggravate or mitigate the punishment of the offender are grounds for releasing from criminal liability or punishment that exclude criminal liability; presence of accomplices.…”
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  4. 4

    Disproportionate, differential and targeted treatment: people who use drugs’ experiences of policing during the COVID-19 pandemic by Shelley Walker, Kasun Rathnayake, Paul Dietze, Peter Higgs, Bernadette Ward, Margaret Hellard, Joseph Doyle, Mark Stoove, Lisa Maher

    Published 2025-01-01
    “…All lacked the financial means to pay fines, resulting in fear of additional criminalizing effects such as additional financial penalties, court orders, criminal convictions, and incarceration; for some fears became a reality. …”
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