Primary large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system misdiagnosed as autoimmune encephalitis: a case report by Aihui Ren, Guanwen Zeng, Riling Chen, Zhixing Cao, Wenyan Zhuo, Yubin Liang, Yubin Liang

“…Physical examination revealed various abnormal signs. Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unremarkable, while MRI scans (both plain and contrast-enhanced) showed abnormal signals in the left brainstem, thalamus, and basal ganglia regions, with specific enhancement patterns, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) demonstrated hyperperfusion. …”
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Anti-Tick-Bourne Encephalitis IgM Intrathecal Synthesis as a Prediction Marker in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Patients by Piotr Czupryna, Sambor Grygorczuk, Agnieszka Siemieniako-Werszko, Jakub Okrzeja, Justyna Dunaj-Małyszko, Justyna Adamczuk, Sławomir Pancewicz, Joanna Zajkowska, Karolina Narejko, Joanna Oklińska, Gabriela Trojan, Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska

“…CRP, White Blood Cells (WBC), pleocytosis, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) protein concentration, CSF albumin concentration, serum IgM, serum IgG, CSF IgM, CSF IgG, IgM Index, IgG Index, and IgG Index/IgM Index ratio were the parameters which were examined in the individuals. …”
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Prediction models for cognitive impairment in middle-aged patients with cerebral small vessel disease by Wei Zheng, Xiaoyan Qin, Ronghua Mu, Peng Yang, Bingqin Huang, Bingqin Huang, Zhixuan Song, Xiqi Zhu, Xiqi Zhu

“…This study also included the extraction of total intracranial volume, gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, white matter hypertensit, and hippocampus volume. …”
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Protocolo de investigação e manejo do AVC isquêmico neonatal by Nicolas Ramos, Gustavo Barbosa David, Simone Cristina Stadnick, Stephanie Ribeiro Raitez

“…Laboratory tests did not clarify the situation, therefore blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid samples were requested. At 24 hours of life, persistent tremors and drooping of the right side of the mouth were noted, raising suspicion of convulsive seizures. …”
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Elevated serum neurofilament light chain levels in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study by Karel Pavelka, Marta Olejárova, Veronika Balajková, Aneta Prokopcová, Martin Elisak, Hana Mojžišová

“…Background The neurofilament light chain (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum as a marker of neuronal damage may be a potential biomarker of neuropsychiatric involvement in SLE (NPSLE).Methods 80 patients with SLE were included.We obtained paired serum and CSF samples from 48 patients (NPSLE n=32, non-NPSLE n=16) and 31 controls. …”
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Trends in Clinico-radiological and Laboratory Characteristics of All-Cause Meningoencephalitis in Western Rajasthan by Ravi Krishna Kanth, Samhita Panda, Sarbesh Tiwari, Taruna Yadav, Gopal Krishana Bohra, Ravi Shekar Gadepalli

“…Among noninfectious etiologies, 12 (11.8%) were antineuronal antibody mediated, three (2.9%) had systemic inflammatory etiology, and one (1%) had carcinomatous meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed the highest protein content (336.82 ± 251.26 mg/dL) and cell count (476.73 ± 999.16/mm3) in pyogenic followed by tubercular (200.29 ± 174.28/mm3) meningoencephalitis. …”
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Recurrent Bacterial Meningitis in a Child with Mondini Dysplasia by Eda Kepenekli-Kadayifci, Ayşe Karaaslan, Serkan Atıcı, Adem Binnetoğlu, Murat Sarı, Ahmet Soysal, Gülşen Altınkanat, Mustafa Bakır

“…Mondini dysplasia, also known as Mondini malformation, is a developmental abnormality of the inner and middle ears that can cause hearing loss, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, and recurrent bacterial meningitis (RBM), which is defined as two or more episodes of meningitis separated by a period of convalescence and the complete resolution of all signs and symptoms. …”
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Assessing the inflammation in pediatric MOGAD: Significance of CSF HMGB1 and related biomarkers by Xin Wang, Ruibin Zhao, Jiayu Fan, Chong Liu, Li Zhang, Huafang Yang, Weiyi Wang

“…Evaluation and monitoring of biomarkers associated with its pathogenesis would provide vital information on disease progression and therapeutic assessment.MethodsWe assessed NLRP3, HMGB1, IL-6, and IL-33 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric patients with MOGAD at different time points and their association with the risk of disease. …”
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Impact of surrounding tissue-type and peri-electrode gap in stereoelectroencephalography guided (SEEG) radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF-TC): a computational study by Santiago Collavini, Juan J. Pérez, Enrique Berjano, Mariano Fernández-Corazza, Silvia Oddo, Ramiro M. Irastorza

“…The computer model was first validated by an ex vivo model based on liver fragments and later used to study the impact of three different factors on the coagulation zone size: 1) the difference in the tissue surrounding the electrode (gray/white matter), 2) the presence of a peri-electrode gap occupied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and 3) the energy setting used (power-duration).Results The model built for the experimental validation was able to predict both the evolution of impedance and the short diameter of the coagulation zone (error < 0.01 mm) reasonably well but overestimated the long diameter by 2 − 3 mm. …”
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Predictive Clinical-Biological Markers Over the First 3 Years of Nusinersen Treatment in SMA Type 1 Patients by Mihaela Badina, Andrada Mirea, Corina Sporea, Gabriel Cristian Bejan

“…This study aimed to monitor pNF-H neurofilament levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, serum creatinine, and motor performance during nusinersen treatment to evaluate pNF-H as a predictor of motor outcomes. …”
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Frontal Sinus “Hump”: An Anatomical Risk Factor for Anterior Skull Base Injury in the Endoscopic Modified Lothrop Approach (Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out) by Teppei Takeda, Kazuhiro Omura, Haw Torng, Teru Ebihara, Satoshi Aoki, Kosuke Tochigi, Hiromi Kojima, Nobuyoshi Otori

“…We reconstructed the skull base in multiple layers using fascia and cartilage. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage or intracranial haemorrhage was not observed. …”
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Lyme neuroborreliosis as initial expression of Lyme disease in an elderly patient by Emidio Mata, Bárbara Lage Garcia, André Pereira, Joana Rego, Flávia Santos, Carlos Fernandes, Jorge Cotter

“…This highlights the importance of maintaining clinical suspicion for LD, given the limitations of serological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing. Prompt recognition and intervention are essential to prevent progression and ensure favourable outcomes.…”
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Advanced NGS analysis of cell-free tumor DNA supports clonal relation to primary high-grade B-cell lymphoma lesion and CNS relapse despite MRI negativity by Veronika Navrkalova, Andrea Mareckova, Jakub Porc, Samuel Hricko, Viera Hrabcakova, Jarmila Kissova, Sona Kundova, Marie Jarosova, Sarka Pospisilova, Jana Kotaskova, Andrea Janikova

“…This case report demonstrates the relevance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell-free DNA testing by integrative next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. …”
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Neurofilament light chain levels in neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Qi-Lun Lai, Meng-Ting Cai, Er-Chuang Li, Gao-Li Fang, Chun-Hong Shen, Yong-Feng Xu, Song Qiao, Jia-Jia Wang, Qin-Jie Weng, Yin-Xi Zhang

“…We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the NfL levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with NSAE. Methods The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, PubMed), Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies reporting NfL levels in patients with NSAE. …”
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COVID-19 encephalopathy with severe neurological symptoms: a clinical case presentation with literature review by G. Baranauskienė, N. Tutlienė, G. Kaubrys

“…For patients with suspected changes in the level of consciousness due to coronavirus infection, it is recommended to perform a thorough examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), head imaging with a preference for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electroencephalography (EEG) It is worth noting that blood or imaging tests often do not show specific changes in patients with encephalopathy. …”
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Adherent junctions: Physiology, role in hydrocephalus and potential therapeutic targets by Zhiye Chen, Jian He, Yating Guo, Yue Hao, Wentao Lv, Zexin Chen, Junqiang Wang, Yijian Yang, Kaiyue Wang, Zhikun Liu, Qian Ouyang, Zhangjie Su, Pingsheng Hu, Gelei Xiao

“…The etiology of communicating hydrocephalus is mainly related to the dyskinesia of cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, the damage of the brain barrier can lead to brain edema and aggravate the symptoms. …”
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Glymphatic system: a self-purification circulation in brain by Siying Chen, Siying Chen, Huijing Wang, Lini Zhang, Yingying Xi, Yiying Lu, Kailin Yu, Yujie Zhu, Izmailova Regina, Yong Bi, Fang Tong, Fang Tong

“…The glymphatic system theory introduces a new perspective on fluid flow and homeostasis in the brain. Here, cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid (CSF-ISF) moves from the perivascular spaces (PVS) of arteries to those of veins for drainage. …”
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Adrenal Disorders and the Paediatric Brain: Pathophysiological Considerations and Clinical Implications by Vincenzo Salpietro, Agata Polizzi, Gabriella Di Rosa, Anna Claudia Romeo, Valeria Dipasquale, Paolo Morabito, Valeria Chirico, Teresa Arrigo, Martino Ruggieri

“…Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a disorder of unclear pathophysiology characterised by increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, has been described in children with hypercortisolism, adrenal insufficiency, and hyperaldosteronism, reflecting the potential underlying involvement of the adrenal-brain axis in the regulation of CSF pressure homeostasis. …”
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A rare case of adult-onset vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy with movement disorder, expressing homozygous EIF2B3 and PRKN pathogenic variants by Bashar Kamal Ali Douden, Yazan Mohammad Abdullah Abufara, Mahmood Fayez Ali Aldrabeeh, Naela Ramadan Mohammad Tell, Ismail Abudaya

“…Normal results were obtained from routine laboratory tests, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and urine. Periventricular white matter hyperintensities, which are indicative of vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy (VWML), were identified during an MRI. …”
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Developing non-invasive molecular markers for early risk assessment of Alzheimer's disease by Tapas K. Sur, Tanmoy Mondal, Zarish Noreen, Jheannelle Johnson, Gail Nunlee-Bland, Christopher A. Loffredo, Brent E. Korba, Vijay Chandra, Siddhartha S. Jana, Bernard Kwabi-Addo, Sumit Sarkar, Somiranjan Ghosh

“…Current improvements have unveiled the disease's pathophysiology and clinical diagnostic tests, targeting the neurological changes (neurodegeneration, amyloid precursor protein metabolism and tangle pathology) with precise PET/MRI imaging and xMAP/SIMOA (Multiplex simultaneous detection/single molecule array) to identify and quantify β-amyloids (Aβ40, Aβ42), total tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) proteins in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients. However, their utility for diagnosis in routine clinical practice is still challenging because of cost, accessibility, standardization, procedural limitation, and regulatory approval. …”
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