Exosomes, their sources, and possible uses in cancer therapy in the era of personalized medicine by Tomas Zemanek, Lubos Danisovic, Andreas Nicodemou

“…Exosomes derived from blood, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid serve as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. …”
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Psychosis Crisis Associated with Thyrotoxicosis due to Graves’ Disease by Lilibet Urias-Uribe, Emmanuel Valdez-Solis, Claudia González-Milán, Claudia Ramírez-Rentería, Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo

“…These associations are extremely rare and may be confused with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, especially in the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. The treatment consists in the control of the triggering disease (in this case the resolution of the thyrotoxicosis) and the use of benzodiazepines. …”
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Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus Complicating Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis in a Child by Filippo Greco, Maria Donatella Cocuzza, Pierluigi Smilari, Giovanni Sorge, Lorenzo Pavone

“…We report a 4-year-old girl with seizure and behavioral changes in whom the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction was positive for Epstein-Barr virus. …”
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Guillain–Barre syndrome: An atypical presentation of IRIS on initiation of antiretroviral therapy in a newly diagnosed HIV infected by Hardik Patel, Debajyoti Majumdar, Dolanchampa Modak

“…Elevated protein was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Diagnosis of GBS was made, patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and invasive ventilatory support was added for respiratory paralysis. …”
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Anti-LGI1 antibody autoimmune encephalitis. Clinical case presentation and literature review by A. Stašaitytė, T. Vanagas, V. Danielius, G. Jurkevičienė, R. Balnytė

“…A thorough testing allowed to exclude paraneoplastic processes or endocrine syndromes, and the results of the cerebrospinal fluid antibody panel confirmed the diagnosis of anti-LGI1 antibody autoimmune encephalitis. …”
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Bilateral Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis as the First Manifestation of Neuro-Behçet Disease by Mohsen Jari, Taiiebeh Mohammadi, Ensiyeh Taheri

“…Brain magnetic resonance imaging and the result of cerebrospinal fluid analysis for oligoclonal bands and auto-antibodies were also normal. …”
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Varicella Zoster Meningitis, Optic Neuritis Preceding the Development of Posterior Outer Retinal Necrosis, and Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in a HIV Patient by Manasa Gunturu, Shiva Kumar Gosi, Swetha Kanduri, Vishnu Garla

“…We present a case of a forty-nine-year-old female patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented with headache, fever, and blurred vision. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was consistent with VZV meningitis. …”
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Neonatal Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia: A Severe Case With Prenatal Indicators and Comprehensive Review of Recognition and Management by Samaneh Parviz, Dariush Hooshyar

“…ABSTRACT Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), also known as glycine encephalopathy, is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the glycine cleavage enzyme system (GCS), leading to the pathological accumulation of glycine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This case report details a neonate presenting with central apnea, profound hypotonia, and refractory seizures, alongside prenatal findings of polyhydramnios and hiccup‐like fetal movements, all strongly suggestive of severe NKH. …”
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Spontaneous Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa Meningitis Presenting as Trismus by C. J. Parr, J. Wheeler, A. Sharma, C. Smith

“…The patient was initially admitted for ileus, developing neck stiffness and trismus on the thirteenth day of admission. Cerebrospinal fluid grew pansensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa. …”
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Bilateral Breast Masses with a Rare Etiology by Friederike Thieringer, Gideon Sartorius, Katrin Kalf, Viola Heinzelmann, Marcus Vetter

“…Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid did not identify malignant cells. The patient underwent CODOX-M/IVAC chemotherapy, and a complete response was demonstrated after one cycle of treatment. …”
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A Brief Report of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in the Summer of 2012 in Hamilton, Ontario by Lei Jiao, Cheryl Main

“…Forty-three percent (three of seven) presented with rash, 71% (five of seven) did not report headache despite exhibiting neurological symptoms, 43% (three of seven) did not have fever on presentation and 37.5% of cerebrospinal fluid samples exhibited a neutrophil predominance. …”
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Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis and Hydrocephalus in a Vegan Secondary to Acquired Hyperhomocystinaemia by W. D. D. Priyankara, A.V. I. Chandimal, F. G. Sivagnanam, E. M. Manoj

“…He was found to have widespread cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, hyperintensities in basal ganglia, and acute hydrocephalus in magnetic resonance imaging, necessitating cerebrospinal fluid diversion, by way of an external ventricular drain and therapeutic anticoagulation. …”
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Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy with Atypical Symptoms: A Rare Case of Tongue Fasciculation and Facial Muscle Weakness by Shafiq ur Rehman, Saba Zaidi, Mahzareen

“…A comprehensive diagnostic workup that could include blood work, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and a nerve conduction study is required to confirm the diagnosis and rule out potential other causes. …”
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Leptomeningeal Enhancement due to Neurosarcoidosis Mimicking Malignancy by Sahara N. Saltijeral, Horiana B. Grosu, Henriette De La Garza, Barbara O’Brien, Gloria Iliescu

“…Initial differential diagnosis was broad, including malignant, infectious, and inflammatory etiologies. The cerebrospinal fluid analyses demonstrated lymphocytic pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, and hyperproteinorrachia but no other abnormalities. …”
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Anti-N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Severe, Potentially Reversible Autoimmune Encephalitis by Cai-yun Liu, Jie Zhu, Xiang-Yu Zheng, Chi Ma, Xu Wang

“…Anti-NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum are characteristic features of the disease, thereby suggesting a pathogenic role in the disease. …”
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Detection of fungal sequences in human brain: rDNA locus amplification and deep sequencing by Rodrigo Leitao, Iam Ut Wan, Harry Chown, Thomas J. Williams, Matthew C. Fisher, Johanna Rhodes

“…In this study we adopted a nanopore-based sequencing approach to characterise the presence or absence of fungal genera in both human brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We observed the presence of small fungal burden DNA in two AD brains and a control case (extensive amyloid angiopathy). …”
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Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Associated with Central Nervous System Involvement in an Adult by Tommy L. H. Chan, Ana M. Cartagena, Anne Marie Bombassaro, Seyed M. Hosseini-Moghaddam

“…Varicella zoster virus was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction. She was diagnosed with Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with spread to the central nervous system. …”
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An Atypical Porencephalic Cyst Manifesting as a Simple Partial Seizure: A Case Report and Literature Review by Abdulaziz Ibrahim Al Thafar, Abdullatif Sami Al Rashed, Bayan Abdullah Al Matar, Abdulaziz Mohammad Al-Sharydah, Abdulrahman Hamad Al-Abdulwahhab, Sari Saleh Al-Suhibani

“…Porencephaly is an extremely rare neurological disease characterized by the presence of solitary or multiple degenerative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavities within the brain parenchyma. …”
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Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Treated with a Targeted CT-Guided Epidural Blood Patch by Inês Correia, Inês Brás Marques, Rogério Ferreira, Miguel Cordeiro, Lívia Sousa

“…It is thought to be due to spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, which probably have a multifactorial etiology. …”
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Hydrocephaly management in patients with tumors in the posterior fossa. by Osmany Morales Sabina, José Ramón Tejera del Valle, Juan Francisco Piñeiro Martí., Omar López Arbolay.

“…Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was totally restored only by tumor excision in 9 patients. …”
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