Bidirectional causality of physical exercise in retinal neuroprotection by Stephen K. Agadagba, Suk-yu Yau, Ying Liang, Kristine Dalton, Benjamin Thompson

“…Interestingly, reduced levels of physical exercise have been implicated in several central nervous system diseases, including ocular disorders. …”
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Neurosyphilis with Concomitant Cryptococcal and Tuberculous Meningitis in a Patient with AIDS: Report of a Unique Case by Jose Armando Gonzales Zamora, Luis Alberto Espinoza, Rita N. Nwanyanwu

“…Simultaneous infections of the central nervous system caused by these pathogens are very uncommon even in the setting of severe immunosuppression. …”
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A Case Report of Leptomeningeal Myelomatosis and Rapid Improvement with Regimen Consisting of Daratumumab, Pomalidomide, Vincristine, Procarbazine, and Dexamethasone by Jew Win Kuan, Sing Ling Chai, Pathmanathan Rajadurai, Lee Gong Lau, Joseph Uchang, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed Husain

“…Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) (MM-CNS) in the form of leptomeningeal myelomatosis or brain parenchyma plasmacytoma is rare, causing challenges in clinical diagnosis and treatment. …”
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Immune Privilege as an Intrinsic CNS Property: Astrocytes Protect the CNS against T-Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Ulrike Gimsa, N. Avrion Mitchison, Monika C. Brunner-Weinzierl

“…Astrocytes have many functions in the central nervous system (CNS). They support differentiation and homeostasis of neurons and influence synaptic activity. …”
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Erdheim-Chester Disease and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Collision Tumour Presenting as a Perirenal Mass by Antonio Maietta, Maryam Razmpoosh

“…Disease manifestation is variable often involving many different organs, mainly bone, retroperitoneum, the heart, and the central nervous system. Histological findings include foamy histiocytes in a fibrous stroma with scattered inflammatory infiltrate. …”
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MicroRNAs in the Neural Retina by Kalina Andreeva, Nigel G. F. Cooper

“…The retina, as a part of the central nervous system, is a well-established model for unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal and glial functions. …”
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A Case of Cerebral Vasculitis Associated with Ulcerative Colitis by Naveen Raj, Matthew Arkebauer, Barry Waters, Brucha Dickinson

“…It is regarded as a systemic inflammatory disorder that can affect a number of organ systems. Central nervous system disease associated with UC is a rare sequela of inflammatory bowel disease, occurring in less than 5% of cases. …”
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The Pain System in Oesophageal Disorders: Mechanisms, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment by Christian Lottrup, Søren Schou Olesen, Asbjørn Mohr Drewes

“…Painful stimuli are encoded by nociceptors and communicated via afferent nerves to the central nervous system. The pain stimulus is further processed and modulated in specific pain centres in the brain, which may undergo plastic alterations. …”
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Dandy-Walker Syndrome. Case Report and Literature Review by William Ernesto González Águila, Osiris Intento García, Nilda Beatriz Cortizo Martínez

“…The case is presented because it is a rare malformation of the central nervous system.…”
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A Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile of Silver as an Antimicrobial Agent in Medical Devices by Alan B. G. Lansdown

“…Ag+ binds strongly to metallothionein, albumins, and macroglobulins and is metabolised to all tissues other than the brain and the central nervous system. Silver sulphide or silver selenide precipitates, bound lysosomally in soft tissues, are inert and not associated with an irreversible toxic change. …”
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Issues Impairing the Success of Neural Implant Technology by A. Spiers, K. Warwick, M. Gasson, V. Ruiz

“…By monitoring signals from the central nervous system, humans can be provided with a novel extra channel of communication that can, for example, be used for the voluntary control of peripheral devices. …”
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Signalling in Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells during Development and after Injury by Alistair E. Cole, Simon S. Murray, Junhua Xiao

“…Substantial progress has been made in identifying the extracellular signalling pathways that regulate neural stem and precursor cell biology in the central nervous system (CNS). The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), in particular BMP4, are key players regulating neuronal and glial cell development from neural precursor cells in the embryonic, postnatal, and injured CNS. …”
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Nearly Complete Response of Brain Metastases from HER2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer with Lapatinib and Capecitabine after Whole Brain Irradiation by Esin Oktay, Özlem Yersal, Nezih Meydan, Mehmet Sağıroğlu, Ömer Uyanık, Sabri Barutca

“…Trastuzumab treatment does not prevent intracranial seeding and is largely ineffective for established central nervous system metastasis in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer patients. …”
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The Role of CARD9 Deficiency in Neutrophils by Ruanmei Sheng, Xiaoming Zhong, Zhiwen Yang, Xuemin Wang

“…CARD9–deficiency neutrophils display an increased susceptibility to fungal infection that primarily localize to the central nervous system, subcutaneous, and skin tissue. Additionally, CARD9–deficiency neutrophils are associated with some autoimmune diseases and even provide protection against a few bacteria. …”
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Multiple Sclerosis Presenting with Facial Twitching (Myokymia and Hemifacial Spasms) by Risha Hertz, James Espinosa, Alan Lucerna, Doug Stranges

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The etiology is insufficiently understood. …”
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Visual Perturbation to Enhance Return to Sport Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Clinical Commentary by Timothy R Wohl, Cody R Criss, Dustin R Grooms

“…The neuromuscular consequences of injury are not limited to the joint and surrounding musculature, but may modulate central nervous system reorganization. Neuroimaging data suggest patients with ACL injuries may require greater levels of visual-motor and neurocognitive processing activity to sustain lower limb control relative to healthy matched counterparts. …”
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Hypothalamic AMPK as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis by My Khanh Q. Huynh, Ann W. Kinyua, Dong Joo Yang, Ki Woo Kim

“…Activated in energy depletion conditions, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor and regulator in both central nervous system and peripheral organs. Hypothalamic AMPK restores energy balance by promoting feeding behavior to increase energy intake, increasing glucose production, and reducing thermogenesis to decrease energy output. …”
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Friends or Foes: Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Multifaceted Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases by Marjana Brkic, Sriram Balusu, Claude Libert, Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke

“…Neurodegeneration is a chronic progressive loss of neuronal cells leading to deterioration of central nervous system (CNS) functionality. It has been shown that neuroinflammation precedes neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases. …”
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Regulation of Axon Regeneration by MicroRNAs after Spinal Cord Injury by Ping Li, Zhao-Qian Teng, Chang-Mei Liu

“…Most injured neurons fail to regenerate in the central nervous system after injury. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the general failure of axonal regeneration after injury. …”
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Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Cognition: A Review of Clinical, Neuropsychologic, and Neuroradiologic Features by Ozgul Ekmekci

“…A young age at disease onset is the strongest risk factor for these impairments, which may be due to the effect of inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration on the developing central nervous system and neural networks in children. Cognitive impairment has long-term effects on patients’ academic life and the quality of their social life. …”
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