Movement System Dysfunction Applied to Youth and Young Adult Throwing Athletes by Ashley E. Disantis, RobRoy Martin

“…Shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes, especially baseball pitchers, have become more common and result in limited participation. …”
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Glenohumeral Instability and Arm Pain in Overhead Throwing Athletes: A Correlational Study by Max Wardell, Doug Creighton, Carter Kovalcik

“…# Background The overhead activity of throwing a baseball is arguably the most demanding athletic endeavor placed on the glenohumeral (GH) joint. …”
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A Comparison of Pitching Biomechanics and Sport Specialization in High School Pitchers by Tyler J. Hamer, Adam B. Rosen, Samuel J. Wilkins, Kristen F. Nicholson, Garrett S. Bullock, Brian A. Knarr

“…# Background The prevalence of sport specialization in high school athletes continues to rise, particularly among baseball players. Previous research has focused on the incidence of injury among specialized and non-specialized athletes but has yet to examine the level of sport specialization and pitching biomechanics…”
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Athletic Shoulder Test Differences Exist Bilaterally in Healthy Pitchers by Aaron Trunt, Brandon T. Fisher, Lisa N. MacFadden

“…The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test has been proposed as a reliable measure of shoulder strength, but has not yet been studied in baseball pitchers. # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish values for healthy baseball pitchers performing the ASH test, compare those values with other common tests of shoulder strength and function, and compare ASH test performance bilaterally. …”
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Effects of Repetitive Pitching on Trunk Muscle Endurance and Thoracic and Shoulder Kinematics by Takuya Aso, Yoshinori Kagaya

“…# Background Baseball players are aware of the potential of shoulder problems due to repetitive throwing. …”
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Neurocognitive and Reactive Return to Play Testing Protocol in Overhead Athletes Following Upper Extremity Injury by Kevin E Wilk, Zachary M Thomas, Robert E Mangine, Paul Fuller, George J Davies

“…The incidence of upper extremity (UE) injuries in sport, particularly with the shoulder and elbow in baseball/softball players, appears to be increasing yearly, especially in younger age athletes. …”
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Does High Medial Elbow Stress During Pitching Compromise the Dynamic Stabilizers of The Elbow? by Malachy P. McHugh, Michael J. Mullaney

“… # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if baseball pitchers with higher valgus elbow torque experience greater FCU and FDS strength loss…”
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Shoulder and Hip Range of Motion and Strength Changes Throughout a Season in College Softball Players by Cameron R Guy, Giorgio Zeppieri Jr., Michelle L Bruner, Katie Davis, Kevin W Farmer

“…# Background Many studies have been done on the strength and mobility of the shoulder and hip in baseball players, but fewer studies have examined these metrics in softball players…”
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Sport-Specific AMCaMP: New Modular Tools for Measuring Adolescent Self-Confidence In Sport-Specific Movement by Keith H. May, William C. Espinoza, Andrew A. Guccione

“… # Results Based on sample sizes, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, and Kaiser-Myer-Olkin measures, nine modules (baseball, softball, basketball, football, gymnastics, cheerleading, soccer, ballet, and swimming) were deemed suitable for factor analysis. …”
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Comprehensive Approach to Core Training in Sports Physical Therapy: Optimizing Performance and Minimizing Injuries by Lewis G Lupowitz

“…It aims to define the role of core stability in athletic activities and discusses the prevalence and characteristics of core injuries in various sports such as baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer. …”
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Rehabilitation of an Upper Extremity Weight-Bearing Athlete with an Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Case Report by Annemieke D. Corbitt, William D. Bandy

“…# Background and Purpose Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury is a common elbow injury among overhead athletes, particularly baseball pitchers. However, limited research exists for non-throwing athletes, especially regarding rehabilitation. …”
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Sport fans’ curiosity and impulsive buying: mediation of social media use intensity by Chen-Yueh Chen, Ya-Lun Chou, Yi-Hsiu Lin, Yen-Kuang Lin

“…Grounded in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory, this study examines how social media use intensity mediates the relationship between sports fans' curiosity and impulsive buying behavior.MethodsThe study sampled 623 Taiwanese sports fans, including baseball and basketball enthusiasts, to investigate these relationships. …”
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Relationship between Shoulder Pain, Trunk and Lower Limb Pain in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis by Marine Leroux, Franck Lagniaux

“…Search terms included sports-related terms (e.g., 'overhead', 'baseball', 'volleyball', 'handball') and injury-related terms (e.g., 'injury history', 'shoulder pain', 'lower limb pain', 'hip pain', 'knee pain', 'ankle pain', 'foot pain', 'trunk pain'). …”
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Effect of Scapular Retraction on Lower Trapezius, Infraspinatus, and Deltoid Muscle Electromyographic Activity During the Side-Lying Abduction Exercise by Masaaki Tsuruike, Todd S. Ellenbecker

“… # Methods Twenty collegiate baseball players volunteered to participate in this study. …”
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Reliability and Validity of Visual Estimation in Determining Thorax Rotation Mobility using the Quadruped Lumbar-Locked Position by Katelyn S Whetstone, Kyle A Matsel, Andrew S Patton, Sarah E Gehres, Kate Schwartzkopf-Phifer

“…# Background Thoracic rotation mobility is crucial for athletes in rotational sports such as baseball, golf, and swimming to maintain the proper biomechanics associated with the sport. …”
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Shoulder Isokinetic Strength Balance Ratio in Overhead Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study by Valentine Zimermann Vargas, Caroline Motta, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Marilia Santos Andrade

“… # Purpose To compare strength balance ratios between different overhead sports (volleyball, handball, swimming, judo, baseball, softball, functional movements performed at high-intensity interval training, and tennis) with a control athletic group (no overhead group)…”
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter: Reliability, Discriminant Validity, and Predictive Validity by Phillip Plisky, Katherine Schwartkopf-Phifer, Bethany Huebner, Mary Beth Garner, Garrett Bullock

“…Differences in composite score were noted between soccer (97.6; 95%CI 95.9-99.3) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p <0.01), and baseball (97.4; 95%CI 94.6-100.2) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p=0.02). …”
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