Central nervous system involvement in Whipple's disease: Report of a rare pathological entity and comparative review of treatment strategies and outcomes by Moustafa A. Mansour, MD, MSc, MPhil, Reem W. Malaeb, BS, Islam E. Elnemr, MD, Mohamed Abdel-Fattah El-Salamoni, MD, Hamdi Nabawi Mostafa, MD, Zarina Ahmadi, MD

“…Neurological examination revealed oculomasticatory myorhythmia, and imaging studies showed nodular enhancement of the hypothalamus and basal ganglia, along with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. …”
Get full text

Parkinsonism associated with prolonged unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after blunt head injury: a clinico-pathological study by Kurt A. Jellinger

“…In addition to lesions in the basal ganglia and hippocampus, all cases displayed older lesions in the dorsolateral or lateral parts of the pons and in lower midbrain with various involvement of substantia nigra. …”
Get full text

Brain MR Contribution to the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes: An Update by Giovanni Rizzo, Stefano Zanigni, Roberto De Blasi, Daniela Grasso, Davide Martino, Rodolfo Savica, Giancarlo Logroscino

“…In the absence of extranigral abnormalities, the diagnosis of PD is more probable, whereas basal ganglia changes (mainly in the putamen) suggest the diagnosis of an atypical parkinsonian syndrome. …”
Get full text

Effects of Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation on Facial Emotion Recognition in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Literature Review by S. Kalampokini, E. Lyros, P. Lochner, K. Fassbender, M. M. Unger

“…FER worsening after STN DBS can be attributed to the functional role of the STN in limbic circuits and the interference of STN stimulation with neural networks involved in FER, including the connections of the STN with the limbic part of the basal ganglia and pre- and frontal areas. These outcomes improve our understanding of the role of the STN in the integration of motor, cognitive, and emotional aspects of behaviour in the growing field of affective neuroscience. …”
Get full text

Can a Positive Allosteric Modulation of GABAergic Receptors Improve Motor Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease? The Potential Role of Zolpidem in the Treatment of Parkinso... by Antonio Daniele, Francesco Panza, Antonio Greco, Giancarlo Logroscino, Davide Seripa

“…Since a high density of zolpidem binding sites is in the two main output structures of the basal ganglia which are abnormally overactive in PD (internal globus pallidus, GPi, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, SNr), it was hypothesized that in PD patients zolpidem may induce through GABAA receptors an inhibition of GPi and SNr (and, possibly, of the subthalamic nucleus also), resulting in an increased activity of motor cortical areas (such as supplementary motor area), which may give rise to improvement of motor symptoms of PD. …”
Get full text

The Influence of Playing a Non-Reward Game on Motor Ability and Executive Function in Parkinson’s Disease by Alisson Menezes Araújo Lima, Fabiana de Campos Cordeiro Hirata, Gabriela Sales de Bruin, Rosa Maria Salani Mota, Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin

“…Our results suggest a role for the reward system in the modulation of the dopaminergic function of the basal ganglia in these patients.…”
Get full text

The On-Freezing Phenomenon: Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects by Rita Moretti, Paola Torre, Rodolfo M. Antonello, Francesca Esposito, Giuseppe Bellini

“…Differently, the on-freezing phenomenon seems to be related to a neural disruption of the frontal-parietal-basal ganglia-pontine projections; clinically, it does not respond to therapy modifications or to different drug titration. …”
Get full text

Treatment Challenges in a Tourette Syndrome Patient with Self-Injurious Behaviour: Case Report and Literature Review by G. Asadauskaitė, G. Jasionytė, M. Karnickas

“…The pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome emphasizes the dysfunction of neuronal networks in the basal ganglia. It leads to impaired inhibition in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain, which results in motor and vocal tics. …”
Get full text

A systematic review of neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections by Daniel Montoya, Jacobo Albert, Sarah Lopez-Martin

“…The most affected brain area was the corpus callosum, followed by the lateral ventricles and surrounding areas, the midbrain, the basal ganglia, the internal capsule, the olfactory bulb, the thalamus, the insular cortex, and the amygdala. …”
Get full text

A Biopsychosocial Overview of Speech Disorders: Neuroanatomical, Genetic, and Environmental Insights by Diya Jaishankar, Tanvi Raghuram, Bhuvanesh Kumar Raju, Divyanka Swarna, Shriya Parekh, Narendra Chirmule, Vikramsingh Gujar

“…Neuroanatomical structures, such as Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the arcuate fasciculus, and basal ganglia, along with their connectivity, play critical roles in speech production, comprehension, and motor coordination. …”
Get full text

Primary Dural Spinal Lymphoma Presentation of a Rare Spinal Tumor Case by Dilber Ayçiçek Çeçen, Necati Tatarlı, Hikmet Turan Süslü, Selçuk Özdoğan, Nagehan Özdemir Barışık

“…Extranodal primary lymphoma involving nervous system prefers thalamus/basal ganglia, periventricular region, cerebellum, eyes, meninges/dura, and cranial nerves or spinal cord. …”
Get full text

Pragmatic algorithm for visual assessment of 4-Repeat tauopathies in [18F]PI-2620 PET Scans by Theresa Bauer, Matthias Brendel, Mirlind Zaganjori, Alexander M. Bernhardt, Alexander Jäck, Sophia Stöcklein, Maximilian Scheifele, Johannes Levin, Thilo van Eimeren, Alexander Drzezga, Osama Sabri, Henryk Barthel, Robert Perneczky, Günter Höglinger, Nicolai Franzmeier, Johannes Gnörich

“…A regional analysis was performed using the cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain, and dentate nucleus. Sensitivity, specificity, and interrater agreement were calculated for all settings and compared against the visual reads of parametric images (0–60-minutes, distribution volume ratios, DVR). …”
Get full text

A cortico-subcortical loop for motor control via the pontine reticular formation by Emília Bősz, Viktor M. Plattner, László Biró, Kata Kóta, Marco A. Diana, László Acsády

“…Summary: Movement and locomotion are controlled by large neuronal circuits like the cortex-basal ganglia (BG)-thalamus loop. Besides the inhibitory thalamic output, the BG directly control movement via specialized connections with the brainstem. …”
Get full text

A pilot exploratory study for analysis of clinical features and plasma catecholamines in blepharospasm by Lixia Zhu, Hongmei Meng, Wuqiong Zhang, Lijuan Wang, Weixuan Zhao, Jiaai Li, Nilupaer Shafeng, Huaiyu Sun, Ting Jiang, Huiqing Liu, Yu Guo, Shuai Hou

“…Abstract Blepharospasm (BSP) is a common focal movement disorder linked to the basal ganglia and plasma catecholamines (CAs). This study aimed to analyze clinical characteristics of BSP patients and explore the relationship with plasma CAs. …”
Get full text

Clinical and Imaging Prognosis in Patients with Delayed Encephalopathy after Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Jinzhi Liu, Zhihua Si, Jie Liu, Yan Lin, Jing Yuan, Shan Xu, Yan He, Tao Zhang, Aihua Wang

“…MRI revealed lesions in the bilateral cerebral white matter and/or basal ganglia. Except for the pathologically confirmed DEACMP, epileptic seizure, hemiplegia, and vegetative state, the remaining symptoms had been improved, especially the cognitive impairment, which had been decreased from 95% to 25% and psychiatric symptoms also decreased from 95% to 55% at the 6-month follow-up. …”
Get full text

A realistic human head phantom for electromagnetic detection of brain diseases by Zelin Bai, Diyou Chen, Ke Ma, Gui Jin, Jinlong Qiu, Quanquan Li, Haocheng Li, Mingsheng Chen

“…This article combines high-precision computed tomography (CT) images and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to establish an electromagnetic numerical model of the human head with a real anatomical structure. (1) It had Asian characteristics and encompassed 14 different structures, including skin, muscles, cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral veins, cerebral arteries, gray matter, white matter of the brain, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, eyeballs, and vertebrae. (2) The model used a combination of 0.625 mm-resolution CT and 1 mm-resolution MRI image data for reconstruction, with a smooth surface and high accuracy. (3) Within the simulation environment, this model enabled the generation of various brain disease scenarios, such as different types and degrees of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia. …”
Get full text

Unrecognized Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A as a Cause of Hypocalcemia and Seizures in a 64-Year-Old Woman by Patrizia Del Monte, Carla Micaela Cuttica, Alessandro Marugo, Luca Foppiani, Daniela Audenino, Tomasz Tadeusz Godowicz, Francesca Marta Elli, Giovanna Mantovani, Emilio Di Maria

“…Brain CT scan revealed calcifications of the basal ganglia, cortical and subcortical white matter, and cerebellum. …”
Get full text

Sleep in Genetically Confirmed Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration: A Video-Polysomnographic Study by Maria Livia Fantini, Giovanni Cossu, Andrea Molari, Monia Cabinio, Ozlem Uyanik, Roberto Cilia, Maurizio Melis, Angelo Antonini, Luigi Ferini-Strambi

“…Patients show iron accumulation in the basal ganglia, with neuronal loss and gliosis. A mutation of pantothenate kinase (PANK2) gene localized on chromosome 20p13 has been described in familiar forms, as well as in sporadic patients. …”
Get full text

Striatal Input- and Rate-Dependent Effects of Muscarinic Receptors on Pallidal Firing by Enrique Querejeta, Alberto Alatorre, Alain Ríos, Rafael Barrientos, Aldo Oviedo-Chávez, Rosa Amalia Bobadilla-Lugo, Alfonso Delgado

“…The globus pallidus (GP) plays a key role in the overall basal ganglia (BG) activity. Despite evidence of cholinergic inputs to GP, their role in the spiking activity of GP neurons has not received attention. …”
Get full text

Induction of annexin-1 at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level in rat brain by methylprednisolone and the 21-aminosteroid U74389F by P. H. Voermans, K. G. Go, G. J. Ter Horst, M. H. J. Ruiters, E. Solito, L. Parente

“…In the pretreated animals Anx-1 immunostaining was unchanged in cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala and septum, but more intense in hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus. …”
Get full text