Focal hand dystonia due to hemorrhage of the cervical spinal mass: a case report by Pelin Analay, Hazal Sevinç, Hilmi Berkan Abacıoğlu, Rahşan Göçmen, Bayram Kaymak, Levent Özçakar

“…Although dystonia is traditionally considered a disorder of the basal ganglia, it has been observed in association with lesions at various sites of the motor and sensory pathways, including spinal cord pathologies such as syringomyelia, tumors, and demyelinating lesions. …”
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Prevention of Cerebral Embolism Progression by Emergency Surgery of the Left Atrial Myxoma by Syuichi Tetsuka, Kunihiko Ikeguchi

“…Hyperintense areas in the left basal ganglia, corona radiata, and cortex of the temporal lobe were found by brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, indicating acute cerebral infarction. …”
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A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease by Olivia Plant, Annika Kienast, Daniel S. Drew, Elitsa D. Slavkova, Kinan Muhammed, Helen Kennerley, Masud Husain

“…Emerging lines of evidence conceptualize apathy as a reduction of motivation associated with disordered effort-based decision-making and dysfunction of distinct neural circuitry between the basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex. Here, we introduce a novel cognitive-behavioral framework that can inform a clinician’s conceptualization and treatment of apathy, using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. …”
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Globus Pallidus Internus Deep Brain Stimulation for Disabling Diabetic Hemiballism/Hemichorea by Byung-chul Son, Jin-gyu Choi, Hak-cheol Ko

“…Unilateral hemichorea/hemiballism (HH) associated with contralateral neuroimaging abnormalities of the basal ganglia, which is characterized by T1 hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is secondary to diabetic nonketotic hyperglycemia, is a rare and unique complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM). …”
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The Neurobiological Pathogenesis of Poststroke Depression by Chao Feng, Min Fang, Xue-Yuan Liu

“…Abundant studies suggested that large lesions in critical areas such as left frontal lobe and basal ganglia or accumulation of silent cerebral lesions might interrupt the pathways of monoamines or relevant pathways of mood control, thus leading to depression. …”
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Translational Approach to Behavioral Learning: Lessons from Cerebellar Plasticity by Guy Cheron, Bernard Dan, Javier Márquez-Ruiz

“…Reciprocally connected with the basal ganglia and multimodal cerebral domains, this cerebellar network may realize fundamental functions in a wide range of behaviors. …”
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Breast cancer metastases in central nervous system. Case report and review of literature by I. Radzevičiūtė, R. Pačinskaitė, R. Gleiznienė

“…Breast carcinoma tends to metastasize to the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. A very aggressive intraventricular, leptomeningeal spread to the central nervous system is also possible; however, it is a rare localization of breast cancer metastasis. …”
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Fahr Syndrome Unknown Complication: Overactive Bladder by Devrim Tuglu, Ercan Yuvanç, Fatih Bal, Yakup Türkel, Ersel Dağ, Erdal Yılmaz, Ertan Batislam

“…Brain computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed that amorphous calcifications were detected in the bilaterally centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, capsula interna, thalami, mesencephalon, pons and bulbus, and the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. …”
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Coexistence of Gait Disturbances and Chorea in Experimental Huntington’s Disease by João Casaca-Carreira, Yasin Temel, Marloes van Zelst, Ali Jahanshahi

“…These symptoms may originate from distinct networks in the basal ganglia and downstream connections.…”
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Directed Attention in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome by Nellie Georgiou, John L. Bradshaw, Jim G. Phillips

“…Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a basal ganglia (BG) disorder, associated not only with hyperkinetic movements but also with attentional impairments. …”
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The Dysexecutive Syndrome Associated with Ischaemic Vascular Disease and Related Subcortical Neuropathology: A Boston Process Approach by Melissa Lamar, Cate C. Price, Tania Giovannetti, Rod Swenson, David J. Libon

“…., the dysexecutive phenotype, associated with ischaemic vascular disease and relate it to fundamental impairments of gating subserved by basal ganglia-thalamic pathways within and across various dementia syndromes.…”
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Neural Network of Predictive Motor Timing in the Context of Gender Differences by Pavel Filip, Jan Lošák, Tomáš Kašpárek, Jiří Vaníček, Martin Bareš

“…The established dominant cerebellar engagement offers novel evidence in favor of a pivotal role of this structure in predictive short-term timing, overshadowing the basal ganglia reported together with the frontal cortex as dominant in retrospective temporal processing in the subsecond spectrum. …”
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Asymmetrical Blood Flow in the Temporal Lobe in the Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Serial Neuroimaging Study by N. Adachi, M. Nagayama, K. Anami, K. Arima, H. Matsuda

“…A serial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study during visual hallucinations demonstrated hyperperfusion in the left temporal region and the basal ganglia and hypoperfusion in the right temporal region. …”
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Understanding and Prevention of “Therapy-” Induced Dyskinesias by Iciar Aviles-Olmos, Zinovia Kefalopoulou, Thomas Foltynie

“…Restoration of physiological circuitry within the basal ganglia loops is ultimately the aim of all cell and gene therapy approaches but each using distinctive strategies and accompanied by risks of exacerbation of LID or development of “off-phase”/GID. …”
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors for Parkinson's Disease Therapy by Fabrizio Gasparini, Thérèse Di Paolo, Baltazar Gomez-Mancilla

“…Excessive glutamatergic signalling within the basal ganglia is implicated in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and inthe emergence of dyskinesia associated with long-term treatment with L-DOPA. …”
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Acute Transverse Myelitis (Ascending Myelitis) as the Initial Manifestation of Japanese Encephalitis: A Rare Presentation by Varshney Ankur Nandan, Kumar Nilesh, Behera Dibyaranjan, Tiwari Ashutosh, Anand Ravi, Anand Arvind

“…Brain MRI revealed bilateral basal ganglia that were grossly swollen with vasogenic edema tracking along internal capsule and midbrain. …”
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Procedural Memory: Computer Learning in Control Subjects and in Parkinson’s Disease Patients by C. Thomas-Antérion, B. Laurent, N. Foyatier-Michel, S. Laporte, D. Michel

“…Many questions still remain unanswered, and we have to study different kinds of implicit memory tasks to differentiate performance in control and basal ganglia groups.…”
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Does the Somatosensory Temporal Discrimination Threshold Change over Time in Focal Dystonia? by Antonella Conte, Gina Ferrazzano, Daniele Belvisi, Nicoletta Manzo, Antonio Suppa, Giovanni Fabbrini, Alfredo Berardelli

“…Some evidence suggests that STDT depends on cortical inhibitory interneurons in the basal ganglia and in primary somatosensory cortex. Several studies have reported that the STDT in patients with dystonia is abnormal. …”
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Wilson’s Disease: Diagnosis of Wilson’s Disease in Ethiopian Young Sisters by Nebiyu Bekele, Frew Ewnetu, Tigest Hailu, Zerubabel Tegegne, Abilo Tadesse

“…Both siblings had visible ocular Kayser–Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin level and increased urinary copper content, ultrasound-evidenced cirrhotic liver disease, and axial T2-weighted MRI hyperintensities in basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem (midbrain and pons). …”
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The Implementation of the Biopsychosocial Model: Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder by Fernando Hinostroza, Michele M. Mahr

“…Also, our findings underscore alterations within the reward system, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis that contribute to the pathophysiology of AUD. …”
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