Restless Legs Syndrome as the Initial Presentation of Multiple Sclerosis by Ceyla Irkec, Doga Vurallı, Sebnem Karacay Ozkalaycı

“…RLS as the initial presentation of MS reflects that the pathophysiology of RLS in MS is related to inflammatory demyelination rather than axonal degeneration.…”
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The link between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Literature review by A. Kubiliūtė, R. Liutkevičienė

“…Immuno-modulated myelin sheathing and axonal loss causing irreversible neurological dysfunction can be found in both pathologies. …”
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Microglia and Synapse: Interactions in Health and Neurodegeneration by Zuzana Šišková, Marie-Ève Tremblay

“…Microglial contacts with individual neuronal compartments, such as dendritic spines and axonal terminals, ensure that redundant or dysfunctional elements are recognized and eliminated from the brain. …”
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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy-Gene Therapy: From Benchtop to Bedside by Rajeshwari D. Koilkonda, John Guy

“…While the mutated mtDNA impairs generation of ATP by all mitochondria, there is only a selective loss of retinal ganglion cells and degeneration of optic nerve axons. Thus, blindness is typically permanent. Half of the men and 10% of females who harbor the pathogenic mtDNA mutation actually develop the phenotype. …”
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Self‐Healing COCu‐Tac Hydrogel Enhances iNSCs Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting Mitophagy via the FKBP52/AKT Pathway by Zhenming Tian, Han‐Jian Hu, Chun Cheung Chan, Tian Hu, Chaoyang Cai, Hong Li, Limin Rong, Gang‐Biao Jiang, Bin Liu

“…This research reveals that the sustained release of tacrolimus enhances axonal growth and improves mitochondrial quality control in iNSCs and neurons. …”
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The Organotypic Longitudinal Spinal Cord Slice Culture for Stem Cell Study by Joanna Sypecka, Sylwia Koniusz, Maria Kawalec, Anna Sarnowska

“…All the processes occurring during axonal growth, regeneration, synapse formation, and myelination could be visualized while being cultured in vitro for up to 4-5 weeks after the slices had been isolated. …”
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The Leech Nervous System: A Valuable Model to Study the Microglia Involvement in Regenerative Processes by Françoise Le Marrec-Croq, Francesco Drago, Jacopo Vizioli, Pierre-Eric Sautière, Christophe Lefebvre

“…The microglia recruitment is known to be essential for the usual sprouting of injured axons and does not require any other glial cells. …”
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Inherited Paediatric Motor Neuron Disorders: Beyond Spinal Muscular Atrophy by Hooi Ling Teoh, Kate Carey, Hugo Sampaio, David Mowat, Tony Roscioli, Michelle Farrar

“…Common pathophysiologies include abnormalities in axonal architecture and function, RNA processing, and protein quality control. …”
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The Use of Antisense-Mediated Inhibition to Delineate The Role of Inflammatory Agents in The Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury by Damien D. Pearse, Francisco C. Pereira, Katina Chatzipanteli, Francisco W. Dalton Dietrich, Mary Bartlett Bunge

“…During this period, glia and immune cells respond to chemical cues associated with the debris of lysed neurons, disrupted axons, and a broken blood-brain-barrier by releasing a battery of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and, interleukin-β (IL-1β) as well as reactive oxygen species such as nitric oxide (NO-)[2]. …”
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Finite Element Analysis of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Influence of CSF Content and Anisotropy in Permeability by K. Shahim, J.-M. Drezet, J.-F. Molinari, R. Sinkus, S. Momjian

“…Owing to the existence of bundles of axons, the brain parenchyma shows locally anisotropic behaviour. …”
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging Evaluation of Corticospinal Tract Hyperintensity in Upper Motor Neuron-Predominant ALS Patients by Venkateswaran Rajagopalan, Didier Allexandre, Guang H. Yue, Erik P. Pioro

“…The IC abnormalities suggest a prominent axonopathy in UMN-predominant ALS and that tissue changes underlying CST hyperintensity have specific DTI changes, suggestive of unique axonal pathology.…”
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction by Dawn E. Muskiewicz, George R. Uhl, F. Scott Hall

“…Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. …”
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A Novel Heterozygous De Novo MORC2 Missense Variant Causes an Early Onset and Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorder by Daniel Arbide, Nour Elkhateeb, Ewa Goljan, Carolina Perez Gonzalez, Anna Maw, Soo-Mi Park

“…MORC2 may have a role in the development of neurones, and dominant variants in this gene have recently been linked with disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2Z disease, spinal muscular atrophy and, more recently, a neurodevelopmental syndrome consisting of developmental delay, impaired growth, dysmorphic facies, and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN), presenting with hypotonia, microcephaly, brain atrophy, intellectual disability, hearing loss, faltering growth, and craniofacial dysmorphism. …”
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ANCA-Associated Vasculitic Neuropathy: A Case Report by M. Jakiševaitė, I. Navickaitė, G. Žemgulytė

“…Nerve conduction study (NCS) reveals axonal loss in multiple individual nerves, whereas a length-dependent process may also be observed. …”
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The Role of Glial Cells in the Pathophysiology of Epilepsy by Filiz Onat, My Andersson, Nihan Çarçak

“…Meanwhile, oligodendrocytes, primarily involved in myelination, also modulate axonal excitability and contribute to the neuron–glia network underlying seizure pathogenesis. …”
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Brainstem and Cerebellar Involvement in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome by Vijay Letchuman, Charles D. Donohoe

“…The common pathogenesis is associated with anterograde axonal reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion. …”
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Immunology and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Basic Approach by Genaro G. Ortiz, Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés, Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero, Ana C. Ramírez-Anguiano, Luis J. Flores-Alvarado, Viridiana Ramírez-Ramírez, Miguel A. Macias-Islas, Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez

“…Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia. inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in the demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of MS. …”
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Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies: a case series report by S. Naudžiūnaitė, R. Bunevičiūtė, B. Burnytė

“…In five patients, electroneurography showed signs of demyelinating type, in one – mixed (predominantly axonal). This study highlights the diversity of the clinical course of HNPP and the importance of early diagnosis including electrophysiological studies and genetic testing of copy number variation at 17p12 locus, which can prevent clinical manifestations of the disease and/or complications. …”
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Dysfunction of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in Alzheimer's Disease by William Z. Suo, Longxuan Li

“…The deficiency of GRK5, on the other hand, impairs presynaptic M2 autoreceptor desensitization, which leads to a reduced acetylcholine release, axonal/synaptic degenerative changes, and associated amnestic, mild cognitive impairment. …”
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Methadone-Induced Delayed Posthypoxic Encephalopathy: Clinical, Radiological, and Pathological Findings by Manoj Mittal, Yunxia Wang, Alan Reeves, Kathy Newell

“…Brain biopsy showed significant axonal injury in the white matter. He was treated successfully with combination of steroids and antioxidants. …”
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