Role and Function of T Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Value by Yuanyuan Shao, Xiaofeng Pan, Rong Fu

“…In the more than three decades since the discovery of exosomes, several studies have revealed that T cell-derived exosomes play a novel role in cell-to-cell signaling, especially in inflammatory responses, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. In this review, we will summarize the function of T cell-derived exosomes and their therapeutic potential.…”
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Contribution of Regulatory T Cell Methylation Modifications to the Pathogenesis of Allergic Airway Diseases by Jiani Li, Jichao Sha, Liwei Sun, Dongdong Zhu, Cuida Meng

“…Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subtype of CD4+ T cells that play a significant role in the protection from autoimmunity and the maintenance of immune tolerance via immune regulation. …”
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Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an AIDS Patient with Kaposi Sarcoma: A Treatment Dilemma by Oluwadunni E. Emiloju, Sorab Gupta, Vivian Arguello-Guerra, Claudia Dourado

“…Genetic causes are responsible for primary hemophagocytosis, but malignancies, infections, and autoimmunity underlie most of the secondary cases. We present an unusual case of a patient with AIDS and disseminated Kaposi sarcoma who was commenced on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but developed HLH secondary to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). …”
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When the Benign Pneumatosis Intestinalis Becomes No Longer Benign: A Rare Case of Bowel Perforation in a Patient with Systemic Sclerosis by Jian Guan, Alvina Munaf, Alric V. Simmonds, Irteza Inayat

“…Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem disease featured with autoimmunity and organ fibrosis. Although gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement is common in patients with systemic sclerosis, colonic perforation is extremely rare. …”
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Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways—Therapeutic Opportunities by Jiankun Zhu, Chandra Mohan

“…However, aberrant activation of TLR signaling has a significant impact on the onset of cancer, allergy, sepsis and autoimmunity. Various adaptor proteins, including MyD88, IRAKs, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM, are involved in specific TLR signaling pathways. …”
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Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus by Muhammad U. Sohail, Asmaa Althani, Haseeb Anwar, Roberto Rizzi, Hany E. Marei

“…A change in microbial diversity, referred as microbial dysbiosis, alters the gut fermentation profile and intestinal wall integrity and causes metabolic endotoxemia, low-grade inflammation, autoimmunity, and other affiliated metabolic disorders. …”
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Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation after Islet Transplantation by Paolo Monti, Lorenzo Piemonti

“…In this review, we will discuss how homeostatic T cell proliferation can support autoimmunity recurrence after islet transplantation and how it can be targeted by new therapeutic approaches.…”
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Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cell: A promising therapeutic target in tumor microenvironment by Tianning Huang, Fan Li, Yiming Wang, Jian Gu, Ling Lu, Peifang Wei

“…Regulatory T cell (Tregs) predominantly maintain the immune balance and prevent autoimmunity via their immunosuppressive functions. However, tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) may mediate tumor immune tolerance in complex tumor microenvironments, resulting in poor prognosis. …”
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Crosstalk between Innate Lymphoid Cells and Other Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment by Fabian Flores-Borja, Sheeba Irshad, Peter Gordon, Felix Wong, Ibrahim Sheriff, Andrew Tutt, Tony Ng

“…Three different groups of ILC have been described based on their ability to produce cytokines that mediate the interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells in a variety of immune responses in infection, allergy, and autoimmunity. However, recent evidence from experimental models and clinical studies has demonstrated that ILC contribute to the mechanisms that generate suppressive or tolerant environments that allow tumor regression or progression. …”
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Modulation of Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis by Nitric Oxide and Antioxidants by Audrey Dooley, K. Richard Bruckdorfer, David J. Abraham

“…Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma: SSc) is a multisystem, connective tissue disease of unknown aetiology characterized by vascular dysfunction, autoimmunity, and enhanced fibroblast activity resulting in fibrosis of the skin, heart, and lungs, and ultimately internal organ failure, and death. …”
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CD1-Restricted T Cells at the Crossroad of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Catia S. Pereira, M. Fatima Macedo

“…Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes.…”
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Pulmonary Complications of Monogenic Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency: COVID-19 Perspectives by Samaneh Delavari, Marzie Esmaeili, Fereshte Salami, Seyed Erfan Rasouli, Saba Fekrvand, Mahsa Yousefpour Marzbali, Nazanin Fathi, Hassan Abolhassani

“…Monogenic forms of CVID have a distinct pattern in different infectious and non-infectious pulmonary manifestations including autoimmunity, atopy, lymphoproliferation, and cancer.…”
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Immunopathological Basis of Virus-induced Myocarditis by Reinhard Maier, Philippe Krebs, Burkhard Ludewig

“…CVB3-induced acute myocarditis is most likely the consequence of direct virus-induced myocyte damage, whereas chronic CVB3 infection-associated heart disease is dominated by its immunopathological sequelae. Bona fide autoimmunity, for example, directed against cardiac myosin, may favor chronic destructive immune damage in the heart muscle and thereby promote the development of DCM. …”
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Treatment of Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Lihua Duan, Liying Chen, Shan Zhong, Ying Wang, Yan Huang, Yan He, Jie Chen, Guixiu Shi

“…Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE) is an autoantibody-mediated vesiculobullous disease in patients with SLE. Autoimmunity in BSLE is characterized by the presence of circulating anti-type VII collagen antibodies. …”
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Automatic Generation of Validated Specific Epitope Sets by Sebastian Carrasco Pro, John Sidney, Sinu Paul, Cecilia Lindestam Arlehamn, Daniela Weiskopf, Bjoern Peters, Alessandro Sette

“…Accurate measurement of B and T cell responses is a valuable tool to study autoimmunity, allergies, immunity to pathogens, and host-pathogen interactions and assist in the design and evaluation of T cell vaccines and immunotherapies. …”
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Elusive modes of Foxp3 activity in versatile regulatory T cells by Minghong He, Yongqiang Feng

“…Foxp3-expressing CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in suppressing autoimmunity, tolerating food antigens and commensal microbiota, and maintaining tissue integrity. …”
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Management of a Dog with Poorly Regulated Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Pancreatitis, and Suspected Atopy with Cyclosporine by Jörg M. Steiner, Brian J. Huber

“…This case report would suggest that further research into autoimmunity in dogs with chronic pancreatitis is warranted. …”
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Positive and Negative Regulation of Cellular Immune Responses in Physiologic Conditions and Diseases by S. Viganò, M. Perreau, G. Pantaleo, A. Harari

“…The immune system has evolved to allow robust responses against pathogens while avoiding autoimmunity. This is notably enabled by stimulatory and inhibitory signals which contribute to the regulation of immune responses. …”
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IL-23 tunes inflammatory functions of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells by Laetitia Camard, Tharshana Stephen, Hanane Yahia-Cherbal, Vincent Guillemot, Sébastien Mella, Victoire Baillet, Hélène Lopez-Maestre, Daniele Capocefalo, Laura Cantini, Claire Leloup, Julie Marsande, Katherine Garro, Juan Sienes Bailo, Ambre Dangien, Natalia Pietrosemoli, Milena Hasan, Huimeng Wang, Sidonia B.G. Eckle, Anne M. Fourie, Carrie Greving, Barbara Joyce-Shaikh, Raphaelle Parker, Daniel J. Cua, Elisabetta Bianchi, Lars Rogge

“…IL-23, in particular, affects key molecules and pathways related to autoimmunity and cytotoxic functions. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and chromatin accessibility, supported by CRISPR-Cas9 mediated deletion, shows that AP-1 transcription factors constitute a key regulatory node of the IL-23 pathway in MAIT cells. …”
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The utility of muscle magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a scoping review by Julie J. Paik, Lisa Christopher-Stine, Mikael Boesen, Mikael Boesen, John A. Carrino, S. Peter Eggleton, Deborah Denis, Olga Kubassova

“…Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are muscle disorders characterized by proximal weakness of the skeletal muscles, inflammation in muscle, and autoimmunity. The classic subgroups in IIMs include dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, and polymyositis (PM). …”
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