Solid-state photochemistry: new approaches based on new mechanistic insights by Gerd Kaupp

“…The application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to solid-state photodimerizations revealed previously unexpected long-range molecular movements in the initial stages (phase rebuilding) and in the final stages (phase transformation and disintegration) of reaction. …”
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Vanadium Oxide Based Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices via Facile Thin Film Preparation by Asuman Tuna, Sermet Koyuncu

“…Prepared thin film samples were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine their surface morphology. …”
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Effect of Nanodiamonds on Friction Reduction Performance in Presence of Organic and Inorganic Friction Modifiers by A. K. Piya, L. Yang, N. Emami, A. Morina

“…Analysis of wear scars using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy reveals that when NDs are fully entrapped into the formed tribofilm that contains the MoDTC-derived MoS₂ layer, the lowest friction coefficient can be achieved.…”
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Improved Efficiency of Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Insertion of Ultrathin SiO2 Buffer Layers by Chien-Jung Huang, Kan-Lin Chen, Po-Wen Sze, Wen-Ray Chen, Teen-Hang Meen, Shi-Lun Wu

“…Compared to the different thicknesses of the buffer layer, the FOLED with the buffer layer of 4 nm showed the highest luminous efficiency. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of indium tin oxide (ITO)/SiO2 topography reveals changes at the interface between SiO2 and N,N′-bis-(1-naphthl)-diphenyl-1,1′-bipheny-4,4′-diamine (NPB), resulting in ultrathin SiO2 layers being a clear advantage for a FOLED. …”
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Liposome-Encapsulated Bioactive Guttiferone E Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated MH-S Macrophages and Cytotoxicity against Human Cancer Cells by Jean Paul Dzoyem, Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy, Hugues Fouotsa, Jana Brüßler, Frank Runkel, Udo Bakowsky

“…Liposomes containing guttiferone E were prepared by the thin film hydration method, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined using dynamic light scattering, laser Doppler velocimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay. …”
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3D-network polymer supported bimetallic γ-Fe2O3/Cu nanoparticles: As a new magnetic nanocomposite for the synthesis of new series functionalized benzodiazepines by Setareh Moradi, Roya Mozafari, Mohammad Ghadermazi

“…The heterogeneous nanocatalystγ-Fe2O3-Cu@Calix/pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl-bis(thiourea)was characterized by Transmission electron microscopies (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Powder X-raydiffraction (XRD), Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM),Inductively coupled Plasma (ICP) and Nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherm (BET)techniques and was used for the synthesis of 2,4 disubstituted-1, 5-benzodiazepine through the reaction of various substituted α-epoxyketones with o-phenylenediamine under green conditions. …”
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Improving Biocompatibility of Polyurethanes Apply in Medicine Using Oxygen Plasma and Its Negative Effect on Increased Bacterial Adhesion by Kamil Drożdż, Monika Gołda-Cępa, Paulina Chytrosz-Wróbel, Andrzej Kotarba, Monika Brzychczy-Włoch

“…Surface analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed changes in PU topography (change in maximum height from ∼110.3 nm to ∼32.1 nm). …”
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Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Characteristics of Graft Copolymerized Isotactic Polypropylene Film by Teena Sehgal, Sunita Rattan

“…The evidence of grafting was carried out by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after grafting, respectively. …”
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Impact of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Kidneys Tissues of Male Mice Experimentally Infected with Entamoeba histolytica by Laith A. Yaaqoob, Mohannad Hamid Jasim, Lima Tariq Youash Lazar, Saade Abdalkareem Jasim, Thaer Abdulqader Salih

“…Scanning electron microscopy used to characterize biosynthesized ZnO NPs , atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. …”
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Antiaging Property and Mechanism of Phase-Change Asphalt with PEG as an Additive by Huiru Wang, Yanmin Wang, Xian Li, Min Chen, Yanling Wu, Cuicui Sun, Xiaoning Wang

“…The functional groups and “bee structures” of PEG-modified asphalt and base asphalt were characterized by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The research results indicate that the additive of PEG can improve the high-temperature, temperature sensitivity, and the antiaging properties of asphalt. …”
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Enterovirus-like particles encapsidate RNA and exhibit decreased stability due to lack of maturation. by Louis Kuijpers, Evdokia-Anastasia Giannopoulou, Yuzhen Feng, Wouter van den Braak, Abbas Freydoonian, Ramon Ramlal, Hugo Meiring, Belén Solano, Wouter H Roos, Arjen J Jakobi, Leo A van der Pol, Nynke H Dekker

“…Here, we produce VLPs to investigate capsid stability using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), mass spectrometry (MS), biochemical assays, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In contrast to prior studies and prevailing hypotheses, we show that insect-cell produced enterovirus VLPs include encapsidated RNA fragments with viral protein coding sequences. …”
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Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2/Co/TiO2 Multilayer Films Grown by DC Magnetron Sputtering by Marcos G. Valluzzi, Lucas G. Valluzzi, Marcos Meyer, María A. Hernández-Fenollosa, Laura C. Damonte

“…The samples were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). …”
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Analysis of Structural, Optical, and Aquaphobic Properties of Zirconium Oxide Nanofilms by Varying Sputtering Gas by Kumar Sujit, Dave Vikramaditya, K. Vetri Velmurugan, Yakkala Bhaskarrao, Rupali Singh, Bhasker Pant, Amit Kumar Sharma, Hari Kumar Singh, Lijalem Mulugeta

“…These deposited ZrO2 samples were identified by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, and contact angle goniometer (CAG). …”
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Morphology and properties of hollow fiber membrane prepared under different air gap lengths by AIDA ISMA MOHAMAD IDRIS, Syeda Hina Iqbal, Rozita Omar, Hazmin Mansor

“…The dope extrusion rate, coagulation bath temperature, bore fluid ratio, and take-up velocity were set at 4 rpm, 30°C, 1.5 ml/hr, and 2 m/min, respectively. Atomic force microscopy determined the pore size distribution, roughness, and membrane thickness. …”
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Performance of Rejuvenated Asphalt and Mixtures with Waste Engine Oil Bottom and Liquid Styrene-Butadiene Rubber by Gang Zhou, Yi Tian, Liang Gong, Zhansheng Pang, Tianquan Chen

“…By testing the basic physical properties of asphalt and using the high- and low-temperature rheology, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests, the index and microstructure changes of asphalt before and after aging and regeneration, from macrolevels and microlevels, were studied, along with the high- and low-temperature performance and water stability of the rejuvenated asphalt mixture. …”
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Effect of In Situ Thermal Annealing on Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of CdS/CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition by Alaa Ayad Al-mebir, Paul Harrison, Ali Kadhim, Guanggen Zeng, Judy Wu

“…A strong correlation between the two annealing processes was observed, leading to a profound effect on the performance of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that the iTAP in the optimal processing window produces considerable CdTe grain growth and improves the CdTe crystallinity, which results in significantly improved optoelectronic properties and quantum efficiency of the CdS/CdTe solar cells. …”
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Rheological and Morphological Characterization of Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) Modified Asphalt Binder by Mithil Mazumder, Anwar Siddique, Raju Ahmed, Soon-Jae Lee, Moon-Sup Lee

“…In order to have a depth understanding on the SIS binder at micro level, micro-morphological observations were conducted using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and ellipsometry. …”
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Characterization of TiZrN and TaZrN Nanocomposite Multilayer Coating Deposited via RF/DC Magnetron Sputtering on AISI4140 Steel by R. Hariharan, R. Raja, R. J. Golden Renjith Nimal, Mohamad Reda A. Refaai, S Ravi, Haiter Lenin Allasi

“…The crystal structure, surface morphology microstructure, and component arrangements were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It has been found that the crystal structure, surface morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition of the membrane are strongly dependent on deposition parameters. …”
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In Situ Swelling Behavior of Chitosan-Polygalacturonic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites in Cell Culture Media by Rohit Khanna, Kalpana S. Katti, Dinesh R. Katti

“…The molecular and mechanical characteristics of in situ degradation behavior of chitosan-polygalacturonic acid/hydroxyapatite (Chi-PgA-HAP) nanocomposite films is investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and modulus mapping techniques for up to 48 days of soaking in cell culture media. …”
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Kinetic Studies of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisations of Styrene and Chloromethylstyrene with Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) Macroinitiator by Nattawoot Rattanathamwat, Jatuphorn Wootthikanokkhan, Nonsee Nimitsiriwat, Chanchana Thanachayanont, Udom Asawapirom

“…Morphology of the synthesized block copolymers, examined by an atomic force microscopy (AFM), were also compared and discussed.…”
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