A review of characteristic lengths in the coupled criterion framework and advanced fracture models by Molnár, Gergely, Doitrand, Aurélien, Estevez, Rafael,  Gravouil, Anthony

“…It addresses limitations in traditional Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, which struggle to predict small-scale crack behaviors, and highlights the need for models that allow characteristic lengths to emerge from material properties and geometry rather than being predefined inputs.The review covers two main characteristic lengths: the initiation crack length and Irwin’s length, examining their interactions with lengths used in other fracture approaches such as Phase-Field methods, Cohesive Zone Models, and atomic-scale simulations. The findings show that Irwin’s length consistently appears in models that combine stress and energy criteria, indicating its fundamental role in fracture prediction.The study identifies limitations in current models, especially in cases involving strong singularities or where the energy condition dominates, and suggests improvements by incorporating process zone descriptions or regularization techniques from Phase-Field models. …”
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Enhanced Tribological Properties of Ethylene Glycol-Based Lubricants by Nitrogen–Phosphorus Co-Doped Carbon Dots by Haiyang Wang, Zhongyi He, Kai Qiu, Liping Xiong, Lili Li, Jian Liu

“…Molecular structure analysis indicates that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus atoms, as well as the chain length of functional groups, significantly influence friction characteristics. …”
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Symmetry-invariant quantum machine learning force fields by Isabel Nha Minh Le, Oriel Kiss, Julian Schuhmacher, Ivano Tavernelli, Francesco Tacchino

“…This approach has recently been extended to incorporate quantum computational methods, making use of variational quantum learning models to predict potential energy surfaces and atomic forces from ab initio training data. However, the trainability and scalability of such models are still limited, due to both theoretical and practical barriers. …”
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Microstructural investigation of the coatings prepared by simultaneous aluminizing and siliconizing process on γ-TiAl by Nouri S., Azadeh M.

“…The results showed that reducing the Si activity at the surface of the coating and, consequently, reducing the flux of active silicon atoms (JSi), has a significant effect on the formation of coating with an ideal structure.…”
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Thermodynamics of Steel Corrosion in Acid Media Containing Organophosphorus Derivatives by E. Khamis, M.N. Moussa, E.S.H. El-Ashry, M. Ibrahim, A.K. Ibrahim

“…., it diminishes the number of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the metal. The values of the thermodynamic parameters, ΔG° ads. , ΔH° ads. and ΔS° ads. , have also been computed and are discussed.…”
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Characterization of TiZrN and TaZrN Nanocomposite Multilayer Coating Deposited via RF/DC Magnetron Sputtering on AISI4140 Steel by R. Hariharan, R. Raja, R. J. Golden Renjith Nimal, Mohamad Reda A. Refaai, S Ravi, Haiter Lenin Allasi

“…The crystal structure, surface morphology microstructure, and component arrangements were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It has been found that the crystal structure, surface morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition of the membrane are strongly dependent on deposition parameters. …”
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Chemistry Combining Elemental Profile, Stable Isotopic Ratios, and Chemometrics for Fine Classification of a Chinese Herb Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) from 37 Producing... by Zhongying Lu, Chengying Hai, Simin Yan, Lu Xu, Daowang Lu, Yixin Sou, Hengye Chen, Xiaolong Yang, Haiyan Fu, Jian Yang

“…For elemental fingerprint, the levels of 15 elements, including Ca, Cu, Mg, Pb, Zn, Sr, Mn, Se, Cd, Fe, Na, Al, Cr, Co, and K, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Three stable isotopes, including δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O, were measured using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). …”
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Field‐Induced Antiferromagnetic Correlations in a Nanopatterned Van der Waals Ferromagnet: A Potential Artificial Spin Ice by Avia Noah, Nofar Fridman, Yishay Zur, Maya Markman, Yotam Katz King, Maya Klang, Ricardo Rama‐Eiroa, Harshvardhan Solanki, Michael L. Reichenberg Ashby, Tamar Levin, Edwin Herrera, Martin E. Huber, Snir Gazit, Elton J. G. Santos, Hermann Suderow, Hadar Steinberg, Oded Millo, Yonathan Anahory

“…With the advent of atomically thin 2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets, a pertinent question is whether such compounds could make their way into this realm where interactions can be tailored so that unconventional states of matter can be assessed. …”
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Competing Deactivation Channels for Excited π-Stacked Cytosines by Shuai Yuan, Huiling Hong, Gang Wang, Wenying Zhang, Yusheng Dou, Glenn V. Lo

“…Higher-amplitude vibration of C5 or C6 atoms leads to a nonadiabatic transition to the electronic ground state (a photophysical pathway); otherwise, a chemical reaction leading to the formation of cyclobutane type dimer occurs as found in earlier studies. …”
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Plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon Ag–Cu nanocomposites: Nanostructure optimization for superior SERS sensitivity by Joonhyuk Lee, Sung Hyun Kim, Seok-Kyun Son, Sang-Jin Lee

“…SERS measurements using rhodamine 6G demonstrated an enhancement factor (EF) of up to 108, further supported by finite-difference time-domain simulations based on nanostructures characterized by atomic force microscopy. We applied the prepared CAP thin films to contaminated surfaces and assessed their ability to enhance Raman signals for point-of-care detection. …”
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Ion‐Permeable Electrospun Scaffolds Enable Controlled In‐Vitro Electrostimulation Assay of Myoblasts by Serafina Pacilio, Francesco Decataldo, Roberta Costa, Tobias Cramer, Beatrice Fraboni, Giovanna Cenacchi, Maria Letizia Focarete

“…Electrically induced cell contractility is determined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) enabling real‐time monitoring of scaffold vibrations in liquid environment. …”
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Effects of Er:YAG Laser on Mineral Content of Sound Dentin in Primary Teeth by Cigdem Guler, Meral Arslan Malkoc, Veli Alper Gorgen, Erhan Dilber, Mehmet Bulbul

“…Mineral content in the dentin slabs were calculated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD tests. …”
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Coupling between topological edge state and defect mode-based biosensor using phononic crystal by Zaky A. Zaky, M. Al-Dossari, Ahmed S. Hendy, Yassine Bouazzi, Attia Boudjemline, Arafa H. Aly

“…Abstract A wealth of details regarding an individual’s state of health, like a person’s respiratory and metabolic functioning, can be studied by analyzing the volatile molecules and atoms in human exhaled breath. Besides, the salinity of seawater is a crucial factor in understanding its characteristics because any variation in the salinity of seawater represents the variations in the hydrological, biological, and chemical distributions. …”
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Floquet topological phase transitions in 2D Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model: interplay between time reversal symmetry breaking and dimerization by Adrian Pena, Bogdan Ostahie, Cristian Radu

“…Furthermore, we employ a novel method to show that the four unit cell atoms, in the absence of irradiation, can be interpreted as conserved spin states. …”
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Isolation and Characterization of Nanofibrillar Cellulose from Agave tequilana Weber Bagasse by Hasbleidy Palacios Hinestroza, Javier A. Hernández Diaz, Marianelly Esquivel Alfaro, Guillermo Toriz, Orlando J. Rojas, Belkis C. Sulbarán-Rangel

“…The X-ray diffraction technique allowed the determination of the degree of crystallinity of the cellulose nanofibers, which was 68.5%, with a negative zeta potential of −42 mV. The images from the atomic force microscopy helped for the observation of the degree of fibrillation in the cellulose, and with the software ImageJ, the average diameter of the nanofibers was determined to be 75 ± 5 nm with a relatively uniform length of 1.0–1.2 μm. …”
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Characterization of thermo-responsive shape memory bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (SMTPU) for 3D/4D printing applications by Yang Sook Jung, Jaehyeung Park, Sunhee Lee, Eun Joo Shin

“…The resulting SMTPU, which contains bio-polyol in the soft segment, along with a chain extender and isocyanate (4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, MDI), demonstrates excellent shape recoverability even after significant deformation. Atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyze hydrogen bonding, microphase separation, and crystallinity, providing insights into the interactions between hard segments (HSs) and soft segments (SSs), an extent of phase separation, and a proportion of hydrogen-bonded urethane groups. …”
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The Role of Dopant Concentration on Conductivity and Mobility of CdTe Thin Films by Ala J. Al-Douri, F. Y. Al-Shakily, Abdalla A. Alnajjar, Maysoon F. A. Alias

“…Films of CdTe pure and doped with various atomic percentages of Al and Sb (0.5, 1.5 & 2.5) were prepared, and their electrical properties were investigated. …”
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Effects of Alkyl Spacer Length in Carbazole‐Based Self‐Assembled Monolayer Materials on Molecular Conformation and Organic Solar Cell Performance by Qiaonan Chen, Kangbo Sun, Leandro R. Franco, Jingnan Wu, Lars Öhrström, Xianjie Liu, Maureen Gumbo, Mailde S. Ozório, C. Moyses Araujo, Guangye Zhang, André Johansson, Ellen Moons, Mats Fahlman, Donghong Yu, Yufei Wang, Ergang Wang

“…To improve the knowledge, four dichloride‐substituted carbazole‐based SAMs (from 2Cl‐2PACz to 2Cl‐5PACz) with spacer lengths of 2–5 carbon atoms is developed. Single crystal analyses reveal that SAMs with shorter spacers exhibit stronger intermolecular interactions and denser packing. …”
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Effects of Ozone Pretreatment and Lauric Acid Modification on the Structure and Properties of Banana Starch by CONG Xiaofei, ZHENG Lili, ZHENG Xiaoyan, XIAO Dao, AI Binling, YANG Yang, SHENG Zhanwu, YANG Jinsong

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that lauric acid was bound to the surface of starch granules to form a complex, thereby increasing the surface height of starch granules. …”
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Characterization of Waste Generated from Nuclide Management Process in Waste Burden Minimization Technology for Spent Nuclear Fuel by Jung-Hoon Choi, Byeonggwan Lee, Ki-Rak Lee, Hyun Woo Kang, Hyeon Jin Eom, Seong-Sik Shin, Ga-Yeong Kim, Hwan-Seo Park

“…To reduce the environmental burden caused by the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, waste burden minimization technology is currently being developed at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The technology includes a nuclide management process that can maximize disposal efficiency by selectively separating and collecting major nuclides in spent nuclear fuel. …”
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