Lipid droplets in central nervous system and functional profiles of brain cells containing lipid droplets in various diseases by Longxiao Zhang, Yunfei Zhou, Zhongbo Yang, Liangchao Jiang, Xinyang Yan, Wenkai Zhu, Yi Shen, Bolong Wang, Jiaxi Li, Jinning Song

“…This article provides a comprehensive review on the composition of LDs in CNS, their generation and degradation processes, their interaction mechanisms with mitochondria, the distribution among different cell types, and the roles played by these cells—particularly microglia and astrocytes—in various prevalent neurological disorders. …”
Get full text

Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview by Benjamin Maïer, Nathalie Kubis

“…Here, we sought to review the impact of isolated hypertension or hypertension associated to stroke on brain atrophy, neuron connectivity and neurogenesis, and phenotype modification of microglia and astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the impact of antihypertensive therapies on cell responses to hypertension and functional recovery. …”
Get full text

The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity by Kathryn M. Madalena, Jessica K. Lerch

“…Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. …”
Get full text

Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Lesson from Genetically Manipulated Mouse Models of α-Synucleinopathies by Kazunari Sekiyama, Shuei Sugama, Masayo Fujita, Akio Sekigawa, Yoshiki Takamatsu, Masaaki Waragai, Takato Takenouchi, Makoto Hashimoto

“…Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic process that is associated with alteration of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. However, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. …”
Get full text

NLRX1 limits inflammatory neurodegeneration in the anterior visual pathway by Alexander J. Gill, Matthew D. Smith, Danny Galleguillos, Thomas Garton, Jackson W. Mace, Sachin P. Gadani, Swati Kumar, Aayush Pokharel, Krista Solem, Saahith Potluri, Omar Hussein, Giuliana Sardi Rogines, Arihant Singh, Annatje Clark, Peter A. Calabresi, Marjan Gharagozloo

“…Transcriptome analysis in primary astrocytes activated with LPS and IFNγ demonstrated that NLRX1 suppresses NF-κB activation and regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in inflammatory reactive astrocytes. …”
Get full text

Surveillance, Phagocytosis, and Inflammation: How Never-Resting Microglia Influence Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Amanda Sierra, Sol Beccari, Irune Diaz-Aparicio, Juan M. Encinas, Samuel Comeau, Marie-Ève Tremblay

“…In light of these discoveries, surveillant microglia are now emerging as an important effector of cellular plasticity in the healthy brain, alongside astrocytes and other types of inflammatory cells. Here, we will review the roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and their regulation by inflammation during chronic stress, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms and their functional consequences for learning and memory.…”
Get full text

Protection of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Kanglan Li, Shouchao Wei, Li Hu, Xiaojian Yin, Yingren Mai, Chunmei Jiang, Xiaoping Peng, Xingxing Cao, Zhongkai Huang, Haihong Zhou, Guoda Ma, Zhou Liu, Huiliang Li, Bin Zhao

“…We also found that FMT led to reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes and conferred protection on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), myelin, and axons in EAE. …”
Get full text

The Role of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Chronic Neuroinflammation by Ekta Bajwa, Caitlin B. Pointer, Andis Klegeris

“…Mitochondrial DAMPs have been shown to initiate proinflammatory immune responses from nonneuronal glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes; thereby, they have the potential to contribute to the chronic neuroinflammation present in these disorders accelerating the degeneration of neurons. …”
Get full text

P2Y Receptors in Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity: Therapeutic Potential in Cognitive Dysfunction by Segundo J. Guzman, Zoltan Gerevich

“…ATP released from neurons and astrocytes during neuronal activity or under pathophysiological circumstances is able to influence information flow in neuronal circuits by activation of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors and subsequent modulation of cellular excitability, synaptic strength, and plasticity. …”
Get full text

Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications by Hamideh Zarrinmayeh PhD, Paul R. Territo PhD

“…These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. …”
Get full text

Long-term live-cell imaging of GFAP+ astroglia and laminin+ vessels in organotypic mouse brain slices using microcontact printing by Christian Humpel

“…Using microcontact printing, antibodies are applied directly onto the slices in a controlled 400-μm-diameter pattern. Astrocytes are labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vessels are labeled with laminin. …”
Get full text

Absence of Rybp Compromises Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Gergo Kovacs, Viktoria Szabo, Melinda K. Pirity

“…We found that rybp null mutant ESCs formed less matured neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from existing progenitors than wild type cells. …”
Get full text

PPARs in Human Neuroepithelial Tumors: PPAR Ligands as Anticancer Therapies for the Most Common Human Neuroepithelial Tumors by Elisabetta Benedetti, Renato Galzio, Barbara D'Angelo, Maria Paola Cerù, Annamaria Cimini

“…Among malignant neuroepithelial tumors, with regard to PPAR ligands, the most extensively studied were tumors of astrocytic origin and neuroblastoma. PPARs are expressed in developing and adult neuroepithelial cells, even if with different localization and relative abundance. …”
Get full text

Nestin Reporter Transgene Labels Multiple Central Nervous System Precursor Cells by Avery S. Walker, Gwendolyn E. Goings, Yongsoo Kim, Richard J. Miller, Anjen Chenn, Francis G. Szele

“…In non-neurogenic regions, eGFP was strongly expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitors, but not in astrocytes, even when they were reactive. This eGFP+ mouse will facilitate studies of proliferative neuroepithelia and adult neurogenesis, as well as of parenchymal oligodendrocytes.…”
Get full text

Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response by Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro, Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, Benjamín Pineda, Julio Sotelo

“…The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. …”
Get full text

Site of Nerve Division Affects Pain-Related Behavior and Spinal Cord Glial Proliferation after C7 Neurotomy in a Rat Stroke Model by Zhenpeng Li, Jintao Fang, Jiantao Yang, Bengang Qin, Wenting He, Jian Qi, Qingtang Zhu, Honggang Wang, Liqiang Gu

“…Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) was lower, and the number of microglia and astrocytes (/mm2) was higher as the distance between the site of C7 neurotomy and the intervertebral foramen decreased from 4 mm to 0. …”
Get full text

The immunological perspective of major depressive disorder: unveiling the interactions between central and peripheral immune mechanisms by Wenli Jiao, Jiayi Lin, Yanfang Deng, Yelin Ji, Chuoyi Liang, Sijia Wei, Xi Jing, Fengxia Yan

“…Within the central nervous system, aberrant microglial and astrocytes activation, cytokine imbalances, and compromised blood-brain barrier integrity propagate neuroinflammation, disrupting neurotransmission, impairing neuroplasticity, and promoting neuronal injury. …”
Get full text

Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease by Linyu Wu, Xiaohui Xian, Guangyu Xu, Zixuan Tan, Fang Dong, Min Zhang, Feng Zhang

“…Activation of TLR4 induces downstream signaling pathways and promotes the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which also trigger the activation of astrocytes and influence amyloid-dependent neuronal death. …”
Get full text

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Neuron, Cholinergic, and Glial Cells by Kimia Hosseini, Emilia Lekholm, Aikeremu Ahemaiti, Robert Fredriksson

“…Using presented protocols, the creation of neuronal cultures, cholinergic neurons, and a mixed culture of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes can be completed within a three-week time period.…”
Get full text

A Case of John Cunningham Virus Induced Rhombencephalitis after Rituximab Therapy for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura by Silpita Katragadda, Varshaa Koneru, Genevieve Devany, Aaron S. DeWitt, Vasudev H. Tati

“…John Cunningham virus (JCV) is known to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immuno-compromised patients due to lytic infection of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Rarely, it may also present as granule cell neuronopathy (GCN), leading to degeneration of cerebellar granule cell neurons. …”
Get full text