The immunological perspective of major depressive disorder: unveiling the interactions between central and peripheral immune mechanisms by Wenli Jiao, Jiayi Lin, Yanfang Deng, Yelin Ji, Chuoyi Liang, Sijia Wei, Xi Jing, Fengxia Yan

“…Within the central nervous system, aberrant microglial and astrocytes activation, cytokine imbalances, and compromised blood-brain barrier integrity propagate neuroinflammation, disrupting neurotransmission, impairing neuroplasticity, and promoting neuronal injury. …”
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Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease by Linyu Wu, Xiaohui Xian, Guangyu Xu, Zixuan Tan, Fang Dong, Min Zhang, Feng Zhang

“…Activation of TLR4 induces downstream signaling pathways and promotes the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which also trigger the activation of astrocytes and influence amyloid-dependent neuronal death. …”
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Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Neuron, Cholinergic, and Glial Cells by Kimia Hosseini, Emilia Lekholm, Aikeremu Ahemaiti, Robert Fredriksson

“…Using presented protocols, the creation of neuronal cultures, cholinergic neurons, and a mixed culture of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes can be completed within a three-week time period.…”
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A Case of John Cunningham Virus Induced Rhombencephalitis after Rituximab Therapy for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura by Silpita Katragadda, Varshaa Koneru, Genevieve Devany, Aaron S. DeWitt, Vasudev H. Tati

“…John Cunningham virus (JCV) is known to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immuno-compromised patients due to lytic infection of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Rarely, it may also present as granule cell neuronopathy (GCN), leading to degeneration of cerebellar granule cell neurons. …”
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Contribution of Neuronal and Glial Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channels in Health and Neurological Disorders by Yuncheng Luo, Lu Huang, Ping Liao, Ruotian Jiang

“…We describe recently discovered functions of K2P channels in glia, such as astrocytic passive conductance and glutamate release, microglial surveillance, and myelin generation by oligodendrocytes. …”
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Hyaluronidase-induced matrix remodeling contributes to long-term synaptic changes by Rostislav Sokolov, Rostislav Sokolov, Viktoriya Krut', Viktoriya Krut', Vsevolod Belousov, Vsevolod Belousov, Vsevolod Belousov, Vsevolod Belousov, Andrey Rozov, Andrey Rozov, Irina V. Mukhina, Irina V. Mukhina

“…The ECM is synthesized by neurons, astrocytes, and other types of cells. Hyaluronan, a hyaluronic acid polymer, is a key component of the ECM. …”
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Ablation of lipocalin-2 reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Krabbe disease by Jacob Favret, Malabika Maulik, Rayan Masoom, Meghana Kushwaha, Devin Thompson, Richard Browne, Daesung Shin

“…Here, we show that LCN2 is highly overexpressed in GALC-deficient astrocytes. To further understand if the elevated LCN2 is critical for KD progression, we globally deleted Lcn2 in the Galc-knockout (KO) mouse model. …”
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Immune System in the Brain: A Modulatory Role on Dendritic Spine Morphophysiology? by Oscar Kurt Bitzer-Quintero, Ignacio González-Burgos

“…The myeloid cell lineage plays a crucial role in the development of immune responses at the central level, and it comprises two main subtypes: (1) resident microglia, distributed throughout the brain parenchyma; (2) perivascular macrophages located in the brain capillaries of the basal lamina and the choroid plexus. In addition, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and, to a lesser extent, neurons are implicated in the immune response in the central nervous system. …”
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Glia and TRPM2 Channels in Plasticity of Central Nervous System and Alzheimer’s Diseases by Jing Wang, Michael F. Jackson, Yu-Feng Xie

“…The transient receptor potential melastatin member 2 (TRPM2) channel is a nonselective Ca2+-permeable channel expressed in both glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and neurons. Recent studies indicated that TRPM2 regulates synaptic plasticity as well as the activation of glial cells. …”
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A Review: Inflammatory Process in Alzheimer's Disease, Role of Cytokines by Jose Miguel Rubio-Perez, Juana Maria Morillas-Ruiz

“…Inflammatory components related to AD neuroinflammation include brain cells such as microglia and astrocytes, the complement system, as well as cytokines and chemokines. …”
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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts to Neural Stem Cells by Small Molecules by Yan-Chuang Han, Yoon Lim, Michael D. Duffieldl, Hua Li, Jia Liu, Nimshitha Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph, Miao Yang, Damien J. Keating, Xin-Fu Zhou

“…Furthermore, the SMINS cells are able to differentiate into astrocytes, functional neurons, and oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. …”
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Progress in Therapy Development for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Kalina Venkova-Hristova, Alexandar Christov, Zarine Kamaluddin, Peter Kobalka, Kenneth Hensley

“…It is know appreciated that motor neuron degeneration in ALS requires active (gain of function) and passive (loss of function) events to occur in non-neuronal cells, especially astrocytes and microglia. These neuroinflammatory processes produce paracrine factors that detrimentally affect motor neurons, precipitating protein aggregation and compromising cytoskeletal integrity. …”
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Detection of Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Using [F]DPA-714 PET Imaging by Clément Thomas MD, Johnny Vercouillie PhD, Aurélie Doméné, Clovis Tauber PhD, Michael Kassiou PhD, Denis Guilloteau PhD, Christophe Destrieux MD, PhD, Sophie Sérrière PhD, Sylvie Chalon PhD

“…Qualitative immunofluorescence studies indicated that overexpression of TSPO was linked to astrocytic/microglial activation. In this model, PET imaging of TSPO using [ 18 F]DPA-714 appeared to be a relevant index of the degree of bleeding, indicating that this imaging method could be used in human patients to improve the management of patients with SAH.…”
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Link between Neuroinflammation and Excitotoxicity by Gabriel Olmos, Jerònia Lladó

“…In addition, TNF-α can potentiate glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity by two complementary mechanisms: indirectly, by inhibiting glutamate transport on astrocytes, and directly, by rapidly triggering the surface expression of Ca+2 permeable-AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, while decreasing inhibitory GABAA receptors on neurons. …”
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Immune cell infiltration and modulation of the blood-brain barrier in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis: Observations without evidence of bacterial dissemination to the brain. by Amanda S Latham, Charlize E Geer, David F Ackart, Kristin N Weninger, Chase C Gross, Brendan K Podell, Randall J Basaraba, Julie A Moreno

“…This is correlated with increased contact of astrocytic processes to vessels in the brain, as well as increased expression of the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) on endfeet. …”
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Improved Method for the Quantification of Motility in Glia and Other Morphologically Complex Cells by Mari Sild, Robert P. Chatelain, Edward S. Ruthazer

“…Cells such as astrocytes and radial glia with many densely ramified, fine processes pose particular challenges for the quantification of structural motility. …”
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Gamisoyo-San Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Cord of hSOD1G93A Transgenic Mice by MuDan Cai, Eun Jin Yang

“…We observed that GSS reduces the expression of glial markers, including those for microglia and astrocytes, and prevents neuronal loss. Moreover, we found that GSS inhibits the expression of proteins related to Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and oxidative stress, known to cause neuroinflammation. …”
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DNA repair in cancer stem cells as a factor for glioma resistance to radiotherapy by Yu. S. Makusheva, G. L. Dianov

“…It accounts for characteristics of these cells, namely, the capability of self-renewal and differentiation into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Moreover, these cells bear multiple genetic lesions typical of cancer cells. …”
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Hyaluronan Synthesis, Catabolism, and Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases by Larry S. Sherman, Steven Matsumoto, Weiping Su, Taasin Srivastava, Stephen A. Back

“…HA is also found in the white matter where it is diffusely distributed around astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Insults to the CNS lead to long-term elevation of HA within damaged tissues, which is linked at least in part to increased transcription of HA synthases. …”
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Adrenomedullin as a Growth and Cell Fate Regulatory Factor for Adult Neural Stem Cells by Sonia Martínez-Herrero, Ignacio M. Larráyoz, Laura Ochoa-Callejero, Josune García-Sanmartín, Alfredo Martínez

“…AM regulates the proliferation rate and the differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of stem/progenitor cells, probably through the PI3K/Akt pathway. …”
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