The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity by Kathryn M. Madalena, Jessica K. Lerch

“…Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. …”
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Glial cells improve Parkinson’s disease by modulating neuronal function and regulating neuronal ferroptosis by Mengzhu Li, Mengxuan Chen, Haiyan Li, Da Gao, Lijun Zhao, Meiling Zhu

“…Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, serve as supportive cells in the central nervous system (CNS), but their abnormal activation can lead to DA neuron death and ferroptosis. …”
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Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Lesson from Genetically Manipulated Mouse Models of α-Synucleinopathies by Kazunari Sekiyama, Shuei Sugama, Masayo Fujita, Akio Sekigawa, Yoshiki Takamatsu, Masaaki Waragai, Takato Takenouchi, Makoto Hashimoto

“…Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic process that is associated with alteration of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. However, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. …”
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NLRX1 limits inflammatory neurodegeneration in the anterior visual pathway by Alexander J. Gill, Matthew D. Smith, Danny Galleguillos, Thomas Garton, Jackson W. Mace, Sachin P. Gadani, Swati Kumar, Aayush Pokharel, Krista Solem, Saahith Potluri, Omar Hussein, Giuliana Sardi Rogines, Arihant Singh, Annatje Clark, Peter A. Calabresi, Marjan Gharagozloo

“…Transcriptome analysis in primary astrocytes activated with LPS and IFNγ demonstrated that NLRX1 suppresses NF-κB activation and regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in inflammatory reactive astrocytes. …”
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Sex-dependent efficacy of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 in mitigating Huntington’s disease by Jingyun Wu, Irene Santos-Garcia, Ivan Eiriz, Thomas Brüning, Aleš Kvasnička, David Friedecký, Tuula A. Nyman, Jens Pahnke

“…Histological analyses of the brain revealed delayed accumulation of activated astrocytes contributing to the preservation of the neural microenvironment by reducing neuroinflammation.The extent of FTY-related disease improvement was sex-dependent. …”
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Electroacupuncture Improves Clearance of Amyloid-β through the Glymphatic System in the SAMP8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease by Pei-zhe Liang, Li Li, Ya-nan Zhang, Yan Shen, Li-li Zhang, Jie Zhou, Zhi-jie Wang, Shu Wang, Sha Yang

“…And EA treatment might reduce Aβ accumulation, enhance paravascular influx in the glymphatic system, inhibit the reactivity of astrocytes, and improve AQP4 polarity. Conclusion. EA treatment might reduce Aβ accumulation from the brain via improving clearance performance of the glymphatic system and thereby alleviating cognitive impairment.…”
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Role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy by E.A. Egorov, V.E. Korelina, D.V. Cherednichenko, I.R. Gazizova

“…Astrocytes produce neurotrophic brain factor which promote the survival of damaged neurons. …”
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Surveillance, Phagocytosis, and Inflammation: How Never-Resting Microglia Influence Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Amanda Sierra, Sol Beccari, Irune Diaz-Aparicio, Juan M. Encinas, Samuel Comeau, Marie-Ève Tremblay

“…In light of these discoveries, surveillant microglia are now emerging as an important effector of cellular plasticity in the healthy brain, alongside astrocytes and other types of inflammatory cells. Here, we will review the roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and their regulation by inflammation during chronic stress, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms and their functional consequences for learning and memory.…”
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The role of the neurovascular unit in vascular cognitive impairment: Current evidence and future perspectives by Zhidong He, Jing Sun

“…The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for combining blood flow with brain activity and includes endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and many regulatory nerve terminals. The concept of an NVU emphasizes that interactions between different types of cells are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. …”
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Protection of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Kanglan Li, Shouchao Wei, Li Hu, Xiaojian Yin, Yingren Mai, Chunmei Jiang, Xiaoping Peng, Xingxing Cao, Zhongkai Huang, Haihong Zhou, Guoda Ma, Zhou Liu, Huiliang Li, Bin Zhao

“…We also found that FMT led to reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes and conferred protection on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), myelin, and axons in EAE. …”
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The Role of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Chronic Neuroinflammation by Ekta Bajwa, Caitlin B. Pointer, Andis Klegeris

“…Mitochondrial DAMPs have been shown to initiate proinflammatory immune responses from nonneuronal glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes; thereby, they have the potential to contribute to the chronic neuroinflammation present in these disorders accelerating the degeneration of neurons. …”
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The structure, functions and clinical significance of the glymphatic system by Tansu Kuşat, Emrah Sur

“…This system, formed by Aquaporin- 4 water channels (AQP-4) located on astrocytes and their cytoplasmic extensions, has an unlike perivascular canal network. …”
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P2Y Receptors in Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity: Therapeutic Potential in Cognitive Dysfunction by Segundo J. Guzman, Zoltan Gerevich

“…ATP released from neurons and astrocytes during neuronal activity or under pathophysiological circumstances is able to influence information flow in neuronal circuits by activation of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors and subsequent modulation of cellular excitability, synaptic strength, and plasticity. …”
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Absence of Rybp Compromises Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Gergo Kovacs, Viktoria Szabo, Melinda K. Pirity

“…We found that rybp null mutant ESCs formed less matured neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from existing progenitors than wild type cells. …”
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PPARs in Human Neuroepithelial Tumors: PPAR Ligands as Anticancer Therapies for the Most Common Human Neuroepithelial Tumors by Elisabetta Benedetti, Renato Galzio, Barbara D'Angelo, Maria Paola Cerù, Annamaria Cimini

“…Among malignant neuroepithelial tumors, with regard to PPAR ligands, the most extensively studied were tumors of astrocytic origin and neuroblastoma. PPARs are expressed in developing and adult neuroepithelial cells, even if with different localization and relative abundance. …”
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Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications by Hamideh Zarrinmayeh PhD, Paul R. Territo PhD

“…These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. …”
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Long-term live-cell imaging of GFAP+ astroglia and laminin+ vessels in organotypic mouse brain slices using microcontact printing by Christian Humpel

“…Using microcontact printing, antibodies are applied directly onto the slices in a controlled 400-μm-diameter pattern. Astrocytes are labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vessels are labeled with laminin. …”
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Nestin Reporter Transgene Labels Multiple Central Nervous System Precursor Cells by Avery S. Walker, Gwendolyn E. Goings, Yongsoo Kim, Richard J. Miller, Anjen Chenn, Francis G. Szele

“…In non-neurogenic regions, eGFP was strongly expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitors, but not in astrocytes, even when they were reactive. This eGFP+ mouse will facilitate studies of proliferative neuroepithelia and adult neurogenesis, as well as of parenchymal oligodendrocytes.…”
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Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response by Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro, Guillermo Espinosa-Ramirez, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, Benjamín Pineda, Julio Sotelo

“…The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. …”
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Site of Nerve Division Affects Pain-Related Behavior and Spinal Cord Glial Proliferation after C7 Neurotomy in a Rat Stroke Model by Zhenpeng Li, Jintao Fang, Jiantao Yang, Bengang Qin, Wenting He, Jian Qi, Qingtang Zhu, Honggang Wang, Liqiang Gu

“…Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) was lower, and the number of microglia and astrocytes (/mm2) was higher as the distance between the site of C7 neurotomy and the intervertebral foramen decreased from 4 mm to 0. …”
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