Delay of innate immune responses following influenza B virus infection affects the development of a robust antibody response in ferrets by Thomas Rowe, Ashley Fletcher, Melissa Lange, Yasuko Hatta, Gabriela Jasso, David E. Wentworth, Ted M. Ross

“…Antibodies generated following infection of ferrets with human influenza viruses are used in surveillance to detect antigenic drift and cross-reactivity with vaccine viruses and circulating strains. …”
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ACE2 : S1 RBD Interaction-Targeted Peptides and Small Molecules as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics by Lennox Chitsike, John Krstenansky, Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes

“…The COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019 continues with new challenges arising due to antigenic drift as well as individuals who cannot or choose not to take the vaccine. …”
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Expert consensus on the benefits of neuraminidase in conventional influenza vaccines: a Delphi study by John Youhanna, Joan Puig-Barberà, Matthew S. Miller, Deborah Molrine, Monica Hadi, Shweta Bapat, Ike Iheanacho, Sophie Dodman, Tsion Fikre, Paul Swinburn, ADD-NA (Adding Neuraminidase) Delphi panel

“…Licensed influenza vaccines are regularly updated to account for viral mutations and antigenic drift and are standardised for their haemagglutinin content. …”
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Influenza A Virus H7 nanobody recognizes a conserved immunodominant epitope on hemagglutinin head and confers heterosubtypic protection by Zhao-Shan Chen, Hsiang-Chi Huang, Xiangkun Wang, Karin Schön, Yane Jia, Michael Lebens, Danica F. Besavilla, Janarthan R. Murti, Yanhong Ji, Aishe A. Sarshad, Guohua Deng, Qiyun Zhu, Davide Angeletti

“…Abstract Influenza remains a persistent global health challenge, largely due to the virus’ continuous antigenic drift and occasional shift, which impede the development of a universal vaccine. …”
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Enhancement of systemic and lung-localized CD4⁺ T-cell immune responses by truncation of NS1 protein of a seasonal live influenza vaccine strain by Polina I. Prokopenko, Ekaterina A. Stepanova, Victoria A. Matyushenko, Alexandra Ya. Rak, Anna K. Chistyakova, Arina D. Kostromitina, Tatyana S. Kotomina, Igor V. Kudryavtsev, Artem A. Rubinstein, Alexey S. Komlev, Larisa G. Rudenko, Irina N. Isakova-Sivak

“…There is a large variety of licensed influenza vaccines worldwide, but their common limitation is rather narrow specificity and inability to protect against antigenic-drift variants of influenza virus. Therefore, optimization of immunogenic and cross-protective properties of licensed influenza vaccines is an urgent priority of public health agenda. …”
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HA198 mutations in H9N2 avian influenza: molecular dynamics insights into receptor binding by Rui Zhu, Rui Zhu, Rui Zhu, Jie Wu, Ruiying Chen, Mo Zhou, Mo Zhou, Mo Zhou, Shinuo Cao, Shinuo Cao, Shinuo Cao, Zhi Wu, Zhi Wu, Zhi Wu, Ligang Wang, Lei Zhang, Shanyuan Zhu, Shanyuan Zhu, Shanyuan Zhu

“…Interestingly, residue 198 interacted with the α2,6 SA via water bridges but had with showed minimal direct interaction with α2,3 SA.DiscussionThis study provides new insights into the molecular basis of receptor specificity, binding affinity, and antigenic drift in H9N2 viruses, highlighting the critical role of HA 198 mutations in regulating host adaptation. …”
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