Recent advances in bacterial outer membrane vesicles: Effects on the immune system, mechanisms and their usage for tumor treatment by Shuo Xiang, Qiufang Yao, Arshad Khan, Dong Wang

“…Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by gram-negative bacteria are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures rich in bacterial antigens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), various proteins, and vesicle structures. …”
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Influenza A Virus and Influenza B Virus Can Induce Apoptosis via Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathways and Also via NF-κB in a Time and Dose Dependent Manner by Ibrahim El-Sayed, Khalid Bassiouny, Aziz Nokaly, Ahmed S. Abdelghani, Wael Roshdy

“…Influenza viruses are able to cause annual epidemics and pandemics due to their mutation rates and reassortment capabilities leading to antigenic shifts and drifts. To identify host response to influenza A and B viruses on A549 and MDCK II cells at low and high MOIs, expressions of MxA and caspases 3, 8, and 9 and BAD, TNFα, and IκBα genes were measured in the cells supernatants. …”
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Analysis of Autoantibodies to 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Using Different Technologies by Lucile Musset, Makoto Miyara, Olivier Benveniste, Jean-Luc Charuel, Alexander Shikhman, Olivier Boyer, Richard Fowler, Andrew Mammen, Joe Phillips, Michael Mahler

“…All patients were also tested for antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens and myositis related antibodies. To verify the specificity of the ELISA, 824 controls were tested. …”
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Oral Tolerance: A New Tool for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Disorders and Liver-Directed Gene Therapy by Yaron Ilan

“…Oral tolerance is a method of downregulating an immune response by feeding antigens. The use of oral tolerance toward adenoviruses and colitis-extracted proteins for long term gene therapy and alleviation of experimental colitis, and the mechanisms of tolerance induction are presented. …”
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Inactivation of foot and mouth disease virus for vaccine production by D. V. Mikhalishin, V. V. Mikhalishin, Y. М. Gochmuradov, Yu. S. El’kina

“…Inactivation is the loss by a virus of ability to reproduce and infect susceptible animals while retaining its antigenic properties. In this paper, the effectiveness of aminoethylethanolamine when used as an FMDV inactivant is shown. …”
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Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 Deficiency in a Greek Teenager by Panagiota Karananou, Anastasia Alataki, Efimia Papadopoulou-Alataki

“…She was able to make functional antibodies against vaccine antigens, including tetanus and diphtheria. She was administered with empirical IgG substitution for 5 years until the age of 12 years, and she has never experienced invasive bacterial infections so far. …”
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Immunotherapies to Nano-Immunotherapies: Advances in Immune Targeting in Bladder Cancer by Beatriz Ramos, Dakota Rogers

“…Additionally, nanovaccine strategies incorporating tumor-associated antigens and immune adjuvants show potential for personalized cancer immunotherapy. …”
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The Conservative Physiology of the Immune System. A Non-Metaphoric Approach to Immunological Activity by Nelson M. Vaz, Gustavo C. Ramos, Vitor Pordeus, Claudia R. Carvalho

“…In the late 50s, selective theories were proposed and from then on, immunology has been based in a close association with the neo-Darwinian principles, such as random generation of variants (lymphocyte clones), selection by extrinsic factors (antigens)—and, more generally, on genetic determinism and functionalism. …”
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Parasitological, Hematological, and Immunological Response of Experimentally Infected Sheep with Venezuelan Isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma equiperdum, and Trypanosoma... by Nereida Parra-Gimenez, Armando Reyna-Bello

“…Indirect ELISAs using crude extracts of the three species of trypanosomes as antigens were performed for detection of anti-trypanosome antibodies in sheep sera. …”
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Unusual Cutaneous Manifestations in a Patient with a History of Hepatitis B: A Case of Scleromyxedema and Literature Review by Gao A, Tian X, Lang D, Chen Y

“…Despite established diagnostic criteria for SM, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Chronic antigenic stimulation from circulating cytokines and viral infections, such as HBV, may contribute to disease development. …”
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The protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 22-1858C->T (rs2476601) polymorphism is not a genetic risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus in Indian Tamils by Panneer Devaraju, Reena Gulati, Durga Prasanna Misra, Vir Singh Negi

“…Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a systemic autoimmune disease, occurs due to disruption of immune homeostasis against self-antigens. The etiology of SLE is complex and multiple genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility and clinical phenotypes. …”
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Role of CD117 and mast cells in periodontal diseases: Histological and immunohistochemical study by Fatin L. Khaphi, Hanaa Ali Hussein, Oula Fouad Hameed, Huda Jassem Jebur, Zahra Kadhum Saeed

“…Mast cells are mobile secretory cells with a variety of biological tasks such as phagocytosis, processing of antigens, cytokine production, and the release of both newly formed and preexisting physiological mediators. …”
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A Clone Selection Based Real-Valued Negative Selection Algorithm by Ruirui Zhang, Xin Xiao

“…Then, the algorithm considers centers of clusters as antigens, randomly generates initial immune cell population in the qualified range, and executes the clonal selection algorithm. …”
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Genetic Characterization of Escherichia coli O157 Isolated From Human Stool Specimens in Wassit Province of Iraq by Sabah M. Jwied, Mohammed Sh. Jebur

“…PCR was performed for detecting shiga toxin genes in  E. coli isolates, and rfb gene (encoding O-antigene )   of STEC- O157. DNA sequencing was done on some positive isolates. …”
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Study of the vaccination effects against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, causing mastitis and endometritis in cows by E. V. Ivanov, A. V. Kapustin, N. N. Avduevskaya

“…Control animals were injected subcutaneously with the same volume of sterile saline at the same dates. To evaluate the antigenicity of the vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, blood was collected from animals of both groups: in the test group 14–16 days after booster vaccination, in the control group 14–16 days after second injection of the sterile saline. …”
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Recognition of ZnT8, Proinsulin, and Homologous MAP Peptides in Sardinian Children at Risk of T1D Precedes Detection of Classical Islet Antibodies by Magdalena Niegowska, Daniela Paccagnini, Carla Mannu, Clara Targhetta, Marco Songini, Leonardo A. Sechi

“…Being MAP easily transmitted to humans with infected cow’s milk and detected in retail infant formulas, MAP epitopes could be present in extensively hydrolyzed formula and act as antigens stimulating β-cell autoimmunity.…”
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Formulation of solution to prevent lysis time erythrocyte and detecting blood type by Ria Amelia, Elfira Maya Sari

“…This solution can prevent erythrocytes for a long time and does not damage erythrocyte antigens. It can also detect blood types well, making blood type examination time more efficient. …”
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A Novel In Situ Dendritic Cell Vaccine Triggered by Rose Bengal Enhances Adaptive Antitumour Immunity by Lanlin Zhang, Jiangyuan Du, Qian Song, Chufan Zhang, Xianghua Wu

“…Recent studies have shown that Rose Bengal (RB) can effectively induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells, presenting whole tumour antigens for DC processing and presentation. However, the synergistic antitumour effect of combining intralesional RB with immature DCs (RB-iDCs) remains unclear. …”
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The impact of gut microbiome on neuro-autoimmune demyelinating diseases by Pouria Abolfazli, Cristina Nkene Apue Nchama, Brandon Lucke-Wold

“… Demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), are characterized by dysregulated immune responses to self-antigens, leading to myelin loss. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as alterations in the gut microbiome, influence these conditions. …”
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Complement protein and Immunoglobulins Serum levels in Normal Pregnant and Spontaneous Aborted Women by Hiwa Abdulrahman Ahmad, Mehri Mirhaj Muhammd salih, Kamal Ahmed Khidir

“…Disorder of maternal immune responses during pregnancy triggers immunological rejection of fetus antigens by maternal immune components, contribute to spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. …”
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