Co-dynamics of hepatitis B and C viruses under the influence of CTL immunity by A.M. Elaiw, GH.S. Alsaadi, A.A. Raezah, A.D. Hobiny

“…Moreover, enhancing the activation rates of CTL immunity increases the population of uninfected hepatocytes and further suppresses viral replication during co-infection. This suggests that certain treatments could be developed to extend the delay period. …”
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Preclinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Δγ134.5 Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing Interleukin-12 for Therapy of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases by James J. Cody, Pietro Scaturro, Alan B. Cantor, G. Yancey Gillespie, Jacqueline N. Parker, James M. Markert

“…Here, we demonstrate the following: both human breast cancer and murine mammary carcinoma cells support viral replication and IL-12 expression from M002; M002 replicates in and destroys breast cancer cells from a variety of histological subtypes, including “triple-negative” and HER2 overexpressing; M002 improves survival in an immunocompetent model more effectively than does a non-cytokine control virus. …”
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<i>Hovenia dulcis Thunb</i>. Honey Exerts Antiviral Effect Against Influenza A Virus Infection Through Mitochondrial Stress-Mediated Enhancement of Innate Immunity by Eun-Bin Kwon, Buyun Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Sung-Joon Na, Sang Mi Han, Soon Ok Woo, Hong Min Choi, Siwon Moon, Young Soo Kim, Jang-Gi Choi

“…The results suggest that HDH is a potential therapeutic agent inhibiting viral replication and boosting host antiviral immunity.…”
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Hepatitis B virus hijacks MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex to form its minichromosome. by Kaitao Zhao, Jingjing Wang, Zichen Wang, Mengfei Wang, Chen Li, Zaichao Xu, Qiong Zhan, Fangteng Guo, Xiaoming Cheng, Yuchen Xia

“…However, MRN knockdown after HBV infection showed no effect on viral replication, which indicated that MRN complex inhibited the formation of cccDNA without affecting its stability or transcriptional activity. …”
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Exploring Echinacea angustifolia for anti-viral compounds against Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: a computational study by Mai M. El-Daly, Leena H. Bajrai, Thamir A. Alandijany, Isra M. Alsaady, Hattan S. Gattan, Meshari M. Alhamdan, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi, Esam I. Azhar

“…This study explores the potential of compounds from Echinacea angustifolia (E. angustifolia) to inhibit the activity of ZIKV’s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), a key enzyme in the viral replication process and an ideal candidate for antiviral therapy. …”
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The Th17/Treg ratio, IL-1RA and sCD14 levels in primary HIV infection predict the T-cell activation set point in the absence of systemic microbial translocation. by Mathieu F Chevalier, Gaël Petitjean, Catherine Dunyach-Rémy, Céline Didier, Pierre-Marie Girard, Maria Elena Manea, Pauline Campa, Laurence Meyer, Christine Rouzioux, Jean-Philippe Lavigne, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Daniel Scott-Algara, Laurence Weiss

“…Altogether, data support the hypothesis that T-cell and monocyte activation in PHI are not primarily driven by systemic MT but rather by viral replication. Moreover, the "innate immune set point" defined by the early levels of sCD14 and IL-1RA might be powerful early surrogate markers for disease progression and should be considered for use in clinical practice.…”
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Comparative Analysis of Virology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Infections: Implications for Public Health and Treatment Strategies by Olebo DF, Igwe MC

“…Conversely, HIV treatment relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress viral replication and maintain immune function.Conclusion: The review highlights the acute nature of SARS-CoV-2 versus the chronic progression of HIV. …”
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Computational biology assisted exploration of phytochemicals derived natural inhibitors to block BZLF1 gene activation of Epstein–Bar virus in host by Muhammad Naveed, Muzamal Hussain, Tariq Aziz, Nimra Hanif, Nazia Kanwal, Arooj Arshad, Ayaz Ali Khan, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Metab Alharbi

“…The EBV BZLF1 gene significantly impacts viral replication and infection severity. The current study performed computer-assisted techniques to analyses the potential drug candidates against Epstein–Barr virus toxin Zta [Human gamma-herpesvirus 4 (Epstein–Barr virus)] from phytochemicals derived natural inhibitors. …”
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CD8+ T cells from SIV elite controller macaques recognize Mamu-B*08-bound epitopes and select for widespread viral variation. by John T Loffredo, Thomas C Friedrich, Enrique J León, Jason J Stephany, Denise S Rodrigues, Sean P Spencer, Alex T Bean, Dominic R Beal, Benjamin J Burwitz, Richard A Rudersdorf, Lyle T Wallace, Shari M Piaskowski, Gemma E May, John Sidney, Emma Gostick, Nancy A Wilson, David A Price, Esper G Kallas, Helen Piontkivska, Austin L Hughes, Alessandro Sette, David I Watkins

“…SIV replication was rapidly controlled with the reappearance of CD8+ cells, implicating that these cells actively suppress viral replication in ECs.<h4>Methods and findings</h4>Here we show that three ECs in that study made at least seven robust CD8+ T cell responses directed against novel epitopes in Vif, Rev, and Nef restricted by the MHC class I molecule Mamu-B*08. …”
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scRNA seq of an F1 cross of Marek’s disease resistant and susceptible chickens identifies allele specific expression signatures enriched in transcription modulators by Deborah Velez-Irizarry, Hans Cheng, Cari Hearn

“…SNPs with ASE also mapped genes important for an adequate immune response including GNLY (cytotoxic activity) and PDIA3 (component of MHC class I peptide loading complex), and genes known to promote viral replication (MCM5 and EIF3M). These results show that functional variants associated with susceptibility to MD may have a bigger impact in subsets of immune cell types, and by characterizing the transcriptomes of these subtypes we can unravel molecular signatures specific to MD genomic resistance.…”
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Evaluation of Melongosides as Potential Inhibitors of NS2B-NS3 Activator-Protease of Dengue Virus (Serotype 2) by Using Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Approach by Partha Biswas, Ommay Hany Rumi, Dhrubo Ahmed Khan, Md Nasir Ahmed, Nusratun Nahar, Rownak Jahan, Md Nazmul Hasan Zilani, Tridib K Paul, Anamul Hasan, Tohmina Afroze Bondhon, Khoshnur Jannat, Md Nazmul Hasan, Mohammed Rahmatullah

“…The present study aimed to determine, in silico, the binding energies of the steroidal saponins, melongosides, to NS2B-NS3 activator protease of DENV-2, which plays an essential role in the viral replication. The blind molecular docking studies carried out gave binding energies (ΔG = −kcal/mol) of melongosides B, F, G, H, N, O, and P as 7.7, 8.2, 7.6, 7.8, 8.3, 8.0, and 8.0, respectively. …”
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Phenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein (PBLD) and Cedrelone promote antiviral immune response by activating NF-ĸB by Peili Hou, Hongchao Zhu, Fengyun Chu, Yan Gao, Xiaonan Sun, Fuzhen Zhang, Xiaomeng Wang, Yueyue Feng, Xingyu Li, Yu Liu, Jun Wang, Xiaoyun Wang, Daniel Chang He, Hongmei Wang, Hongbin He

“…Furthermore, we show Cedrelone inhibits viral replication by increasing the PBLD protein expression and subsequently activating NF-κB-mediated IFN-I response. …”
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Single-cell transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage during PRRSV infection with different virulence by Byeonghwi Lim, Seung-Chai Kim, Hwan-Ju Kim, Jae-Hwan Kim, Young-Jun Seo, Chiwoong Lim, Yejee Park, Sunirmal Sheet, Dahye Kim, Do-Hwan Lim, Kyeongsoon Park, Kyung-Tai Lee, Won-Il Kim, Jun-Mo Kim

“…In highly virulent infection, faster viral replication results in an earlier peak lung-damage time point, marked by significant interstitial pneumonia, a significant decrease in macrophages, and an influx of lymphocytes. …”
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Lipopolysaccharide Increases Immune Activation and Alters T Cell Homeostasis in SHIVB’WHU Chronically Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaque by Gao-Hong Zhang, Run-Dong Wu, Hong-Yi Zheng, Xiao-Liang Zhang, Ming-Xu Zhang, Ren-Rong Tian, Guang-Ming Liu, Wei Pang, Yong-Tang Zheng

“…LPS administration affected the virus/host equilibrium by elevating the levels of viral replication and activating T lymphocytes. LPS induced upregulation of CD8+ naïve T cells and downregulated the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory cells. …”
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Distal protein-protein interactions contribute to nirmatrelvir resistance by Eric M. Lewandowski, Xiujun Zhang, Haozhou Tan, Aiden Jaskolka-Brown, Navita Kohaal, Aliaksandra Frazier, Jesper J. Madsen, Lian M. C. Jacobs, Jun Wang, Yu Chen

“…., P252L, T21I, L50F), which restore the fitness of viral replication. To probe the role of the non-active site mutations in fitness rescue, here we use an Mpro triple mutant (L50F/E166A/L167F) that confers nirmatrelvir drug resistance with a viral fitness level similar to the wild-type. …”
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Structural basis for the inhibition of coronaviral main proteases by PF-00835231 by Zhou Xuelan, Lu Xiaolu, Lin Cheng, Zou Xiaofang, Li Wenwen, Zeng Xiangyi, Wang Jie, Zeng Pei, Wang Weiwei, Zhang Jin, Jiang Haihai, Li Jian

“…The main protease (M^pro) of coronaviruses plays a key role in viral replication, thus serving as a hot target for drug design. …”
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Epidemic Zika virus strains from the Asian lineage induce an attenuated fetal brain pathogenicity by Maïlis Darmuzey, Franck Touret, Emily Slowikowski, Ivan Gladwyn-Ng, Karan Ahuja, Lorena Sanchez-Felipe, Xavier de Lamballerie, Catherine Verfaillie, Pedro E. Marques, Johan Neyts, Suzanne J. F. Kaptein

“…Pathogenicity is not directly linked to viral replication. By contrast, an influx of macrophages/microglial cells is noted in infected fetal brains for both pre-epidemic and epidemic ZIKV strains. …”
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QSPR/QSAR study of antiviral drugs modeled as multigraphs by using TI’s and MLR method to treat COVID-19 disease by Ugasini Preetha P, M. Suresh, Fikadu Tesgera Tolasa, Ebenezer Bonyah

“…These properties influence the solubility, permeability, and bio availability of the drugs, which in turn affect their ability to interact with viral targets and inhibit viral replication. In QSPR analysis, molecular multigraphs yield notable correlation coefficients exceeding those from simple graphs: molar refraction (MR) (0.9860), polarizability (P) (0.9861), surface tension (ST) (0.6086), molar volume (MV) (0.9353) using degree-based indices, and flash point (FP) (0.9781), surface tension (ST) (0.7841) using neighborhood degree sum-based indices. …”
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Characterization and functional analysis of chicken hnRNP protein by Ke Wang, Manzi Huang, Qinghua Zeng, Huansheng Wu

“…These insights into the role of chicken hnRNPs in viral replication and immune response could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies against IBDV.…”
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G-quadruplex-forming small RNA inhibits coronavirus and influenza A virus replication by Ryoya Sekine, Kouki Takeda, Tsukasa Suenaga, Satsuki Tsuno, Takumi Kaiya, Maki Kiso, Seiya Yamayoshi, Yoshihide Takaku, Shiho Ohno, Yoshiki Yamaguchi, Seiichi Nishizawa, Kazuhiro Sumitomo, Kazufumi Ikuta, Teru Kanda, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Hidekazu Nishimura, Shusuke Kuge

“…Unlike previous antiviral strategies that target the G-quadruplexes of the viral genome, we now show that excess exogenous G-quadruplex-forming small RNA displaces genomic RNA from ribonucleoprotein, effectively inhibiting viral replication. The approach has the potential to facilitate the creation of versatile middle-molecule antivirals featuring lipid nanoparticle-free delivery.…”
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