PROTACs: Mechanism and Bioavailability enhancement strategies by nanotechnology, RNA viral infections (vaccine strategy) and Prodrug development by Sanaul Mustafa, Md Sabir Hussain Siddiquee

“… Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTACs) are a brand-new concept of therapeutics that use the ubiquitin-proteasome system for selective degradation of disease-related proteins. …”
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Usp7 contributes to the tail regeneration of planarians via Islet/Wnt1 axis by Ang Liang, Jinglong Liu, Zhiyuan Zhang, Jing Xiao, Dezeng Liu, Zimei Dong, Guangwen Chen

“…Considerable evidence suggests that ubiquitin plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating regeneration, but the function of Ubiquitin specific proteases 7 (Usp7) on regeneration in planarians remains elusive. …”
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Global Transcriptomic Analysis of Inbred Lines Reveal Candidate Genes for Response to Maize Lethal Necrosis by Ann Murithi, Gayathri Panangipalli, Zhengyu Wen, Michael S. Olsen, Thomas Lübberstedt, Kanwarpal S. Dhugga, Mark Jung

“…Key findings included the identification of components of the plant innate immune system, such as differentially regulated R genes (mainly LRRs), and activation/deactivation of virus resistance pathways, including RNA interference (RNAi) via <i>Argonaute</i> (AGO), <i>Dicer-like proteins</i>, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) via <i>RING/U-box</i> and <i>ubiquitin ligases</i>. …”
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A structure-based designed small molecule depletes hRpn13Pru and a select group of KEN box proteins by Xiuxiu Lu, Monika Chandravanshi, Venkata R. Sabbasani, Snehal Gaikwad, V. Keith Hughitt, Nana Gyabaah-Kessie, Bradley T. Scroggins, Sudipto Das, Wazo Myint, Michelle E. Clapp, Charles D. Schwieters, Marzena A. Dyba, Derek L. Bolhuis, Janusz W. Koscielniak, Thorkell Andresson, Michael J. Emanuele, Nicholas G. Brown, Hiroshi Matsuo, Raj Chari, Deborah E. Citrin, Beverly A. Mock, Rolf E. Swenson, Kylie J. Walters

“…Here, we show that XL44 induces ubiquitin-dependent loss of hRpn13Pru and ubiquitin-independent loss of select KEN box containing proteins.…”
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Exposure of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to an Alzheimer’s Disease Environment Enhances Therapeutic Effects by Sang Eon Park, Hyeong Seop Kim, Soo Jin Kwon, Min-Jeong Kim, Suk-joo Choi, Soo-young Oh, Gyu Ha Ryu, Hong Bae Jeon, Duk L. Na, Jong Wook Chang

“…These results highlighted AD environmental preconditioning is a promising strategy to reduce cell death and ubiquitin conjugate levels and maintain the stemness of MSCs. …”
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Construction of a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network for Coronary Artery Disease by Bioinformatics Analysis by Zebo Zhang, Haiyan Qian, Li Wang, Zhenbo Tao, Keai Cheng, Kaiyue Wang, Yanqing Xie, Lina Zhang

“…In addition, we discovered these hub genes were enriched in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway, suggesting circRNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD through this pathway. …”
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EMC2 suppresses ferroptosis via regulating TFRC in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by Xianghui Chen, Xiaoyan Wang, Yuxia Zou, Yan Wang, Tingting Duan, Zijie Zhou, Yi Huang, Qing Ye

“…Quantitative proteomics, protease inhibition, ubiquitin detection, and rescue experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of EMC2-regulated ferroptosis. …”
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Understanding the Pathogenesis of Angelman Syndrome through Animal Models by Nihar Ranjan Jana

“…The UBE3A gene encodes a 100 kDa protein that functions as ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional coactivator. Emerging evidence now indicates that UBE3A plays a very important role in synaptic function and in regulation of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. …”
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Heat Shock Proteins: Cell Protection through Protein Triage by David Lanneau, Guillaume Wettstein, Philippe Bonniaud, Carmen Garrido

“…Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that catalyze the proper folding of nascent proteins and the refolding of denatured proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is an error-checking system that directs improperly folded proteins for destruction. …”
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PROTAC-based therapeutics for targeting HPV oncoproteins in head and neck cancers by Nobendu Mukerjee, Dattatreya Mukherjee

“…Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) present a novel therapeutic strategy, leveraging the ubiquitin-proteasome system to specifically degrade the oncogenic HPV proteins E6 and E7. …”
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Recent Advances in Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity Mechanisms and Its Molecular Pathophysiology by Shaobin Yu, Ling Zhu, Qiang Shen, Xue Bai, Xuhui Di

“…This review summarized the numerous interdependent mechanisms including excessive dopamine, ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction, protein nitration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, p53 expression, inflammatory molecular, D3 receptor, microtubule deacetylation, and HIV-1 Tat protein that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. …”
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RING finger protein 5 is a key anti-FMDV host factor through inhibition of virion assembly. by Wei Zhang, Weiwei Li, Yang Yang, Weijun Cao, Wenhua Shao, Mengyao Huang, Jiali Wang, Zhitong Chen, Jiantao Cai, Hongyi Liu, Xiaoyi Zhao, Xingyan Dong, Tingting Zhou, Hong Tian, Zixiang Zhu, Fan Yang, Haixue Zheng

“…Here, we find that the E3 ligase RNF5 interacts with VP1 and targets it for degradation through ubiquitination at the lys200 of VP1, ultimately inhibiting virus replication. …”
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Prominent Intracytoplasmic Inclusions: A Report of Two Cases by Adeline R. Chelliah, Jasim M. Radhi

“…Inclusion bodies are believed to represent organized structures of proteins which contribute to their pathogenesis and share several constituents like chaperones, p62, ubiquitin, and Valosin containing protein. The various hepatocyte cytoplasmic inclusions described in HCC include Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), hyaline bodies (HBs), glycogen, fat, fibrinogen, alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT), and ground glass. …”
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Activators of the 26S proteasome when protein degradation increases by Donghoon Lee

“…Increase in protein breakdown occurs at multiple steps in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the regulation of ubiquitination has been extensively studied. …”
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Black carp RNF115 restricts IRF3/7-mediated antiviral signaling in innate immunity by Yixuan He, Qun Wang, Lili Xiao, Hui Wu, Jun Xiao, Jun Zou, Hao Feng

“…The Really Interesting New Gene (RING) ubiquitin E3 ligase family comprises a large number of members and plays a crucial role in the antiviral process. …”
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SCRAPPER Regulates the Thresholds of Long-Term Potentiation/Depression, the Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal CA3-CA1 Synapses by Hiroshi Takagi, Mitsutoshi Setou, Seiji Ito, Ikuko Yao

“…SCRAPPER, which is an F-box protein encoded by FBXL20, regulates the frequency of the miniature excitatory synaptic current through the ubiquitination of Rab3-interacting molecule 1. Here, we recorded the induction of long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) in CA3-CA1 synapses in E3 ubiquitin ligase SCRAPPER-deficient hippocampal slices. …”
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Towards Inhibition of Vif-APOBEC3G Interaction: Which Protein to Target? by Iris Cadima-Couto, Joao Goncalves

“…The mainstream concept is that Vif overcomes the innate antiviral activity of A3G by direct protein binding and promoting its degradation via the cellular ubiquitin/proteasomal pathway. Vif may also inhibit A3G through mechanisms independent of proteasomal degradation. …”
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TNIP1 in Autoimmune Diseases: Regulation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling by Rambon Shamilov, Brian J. Aneskievich

“…Subdomains within the TNIP1 protein as well as how they interact with ubiquitin have not only been mapped but inflammatory cell- and tissue-specific consequences subsequent to their defective function are being recognized and related to human disease states such as lupus, scleroderma, and psoriasis. …”
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Therapeutic Potential of α-Synuclein Evolvability for Autosomal Recessive Parkinson’s Disease by Jianshe Wei, Gilbert Ho, Yoshiki Takamatsu, Eliezer Masliah, Makoto Hashimoto

“…The majority of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is sporadic in elderly and is characterized by α-synuclein (αS) aggregation and other alterations involving mitochondria, ubiquitin-proteasome, and autophagy. The remaining are familial PD associated with gene mutations of either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritances. …”
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The role of oxidative stress, glucocorticoid receptor and ARMC5 in lipid metabolism by Yosuke Okuno, Atsunori Fukuhara, Iichiro Shimomura

“…We identified ARMC5 as a novel ubiquitin E3 ligase of full-length SREBF, a master regulator of lipid metabolism. …”
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