Utilizing item response theory for the analysis of self-regulated learning scale in mathematics by Sintha Sih Dewanti, Jasmine Nurul Izzah, Shinta Puspa Kiranasari, Kholifatul Fatoni Sholihin

“…Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire that had been developed and its item characteristics were analyzed using IRT. The independent learning scale questionnaire in mathematics consists of 16 statement items and measures 5 aspects. …”
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Discounted-likelihood valuation of variance and volatility swaps by Napat Rujeerapaiboon, Sanae Rujivan, Hongdan Chen

“…When the underlier’s returns are independent and lognormally but not necessarily identically distributed, our approach for pricing variance and volatility swaps could be greatly simplified, benefit from parallel computing, and be solved by a two-dimensional grid search. …”
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Improving biometric recognition by means of score ratio, the likelihood ratio for non‐probabilistic classifiers. A benchmarking study by Carlos Vivaracho‐Pascual, Arancha Simon‐Hurtado, Esperanza Manso‐Martinez

“…Herein, an alternative method is proposed that is independent of the biometric characteristic and the system, as this proposal, Score Ratio, is applied to the output (comparison score) of the classifier. …”
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On the Error Rate Analysis of Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Generalized-K Fading Channels by George P. Efthymoglou, Nikolaos Bissias, Valentine A. Aalo

“…We present novel and easy-to-evaluate expressions for the error rate performance of cooperative dual-hop relaying with maximal ratio combining operating over independent generalized-𝐾 fading channels. For this system, it is hard to obtain a closed-form expression for the moment generating function (MGF) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the destination, even for the case of a single dual-hop relay link. …”
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Diagnostic Comparison of Different Methods for Detection of Occlusal Caries Lesions In New Erupted Permanent Teeth by Büsra Keskuş Şengül, Cansu Derdiyok, Fatih Öznurhan, İrem İpek

“…It was examined by visual, radiovisiography and CarieScan Pro (CP) device by two researchers with independent clinical experience. Results: With regard to intra-observer agreement for examiner 1 and 2, while there was only statistically significant difference between CP and ICDAS-II (P<.005), no significant difference was found among other groups. …”
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Deep reinforcement learning for active flow control in a turbulent separation bubble by Bernat Font, Francisco Alcántara-Ávila, Jean Rabault, Ricardo Vinuesa, Oriol Lehmkuhl

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In-situ observations of the magnetothermodynamic evolution of electron-only reconnection by D. S. Payne, M. Swisdak, J. P. Eastwood, J. F. Drake, P. S. Pyakurel, J. R. Shuster

“…The electromagnetic energy transport comes almost entirely from guide field contributions and is confined within the reconnection plane, while the most significant contribution to electron energy transport is independent of the drift velocity with additional out-of-plane signatures. …”
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The efficacy of available supplements and medical drugs in longevity medicine - a review by Michał Łata, Małgorzata Chyćko, Kinga Przyborowska, Justyna Kwiecień, Mateusz Rukat, Agnieszka Strojny, Robert Siemiątkowski

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Research on heterogeneous radio access and resource allocation algorithm in vehicular fog computing by Kai XIONG, Supeng LENG, Ke ZHANG, Hao LIU

“…With the development of intelligent transportation and the constant emergence of new vehicular on-board applications,such as automatic driving,intelligent vehicular interaction and safety driving.It is difficult for an independent vehicle to run a wide variety of applications with a large number of computing needs and time delay needs relying on its own limited computing resources.By distributing computing tasks in devices on the edge of the network,fog computing applies virtualization technology,distributed computing technology and parallel computing technology to enable users to dynamically obtain computing power,storage space and other services on demand.Applying fog computing architecture to Internet of vehicles can effectively alleviate the contradiction between the large computing-low delay demands and limited vehicular resources.By analyzing the channel capacity of vehicle-to-vehicle communication,vehicle-infrastructure communication and vehicle-time-delay tolerant network communication,an optimization model of heterogeneous access to multi-service resources for the Internet of vehicles was established,and various vehicle-to-fog resources were jointly dispatched to realize efficient processing of intelligent transportation applications.The simulation results show that the proposed reinforcement learning algorithm can effectively deal with the resource allocation in the heterogeneous vehicular fog architecture.…”
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Effect of additive elements Bi/Ni/Ge on crack initiation and propagation for low-Ag solders by Noritake Hiyoshi, Mitsuo Yamashita, Hiroaki Hokazono

“…J-integral range parameter evaluates the crack propagation rate for low-Ag solders independent of the additive elements…”
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Genderwise Investigation of Empahty Skills in Child Athletes by Yasin Arslan, Gülfem Sezen Balçıkanlı

“…The frequency, percentage distributions and the mean values of the sub-dimensions of the scales were calculated. Independent Samples T-test was used to determine the empathy levels of the child athletes. …”
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EKOLOGINĖS ETIKOS APIBRĖŽTIS IR FUNKCIJOS by Česlovas Kalenda

“…Ecological ethics is considered both as scientific exploratory and academically as established discipline, having independent status and object. The rise of ecological ethics was determined by increasing contradictions between the expansion of technological civilization and natural evolution, between technosphere and biosphere. …”
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Effect analysis of small‐problem‐based teaching method for improving students’ problem‐solving ability in the experiment of power electronics course by Guopeng Zhao

“…Based on the analysis of students’ problem‐solving process and results, it can be seen that most students can complete and get correct conclusions independently. The proposed method can improve the students’ problem‐solving ability.…”
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Broadband terahertz holography using isotropic VO2 metasurfaces by Jiayu Zhao, Runxuan Zhang, Sicheng Cao, Mingwei Zhuang, Zhengyong Song

“…It is noteworthy that the generated holograms under two states of VO2 remain entirely independent, and another metasurface that achieves frequency-multiplexed holograms is presented. …”
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Strengthening Data Literacy in K-12 Education: A Scoping Review by Verena Witte, Angela Schwering, Daniel Frischemeier

“…This area is extensively covered in practical approaches, three times more than methods for planning and conducting independent data collection. This disparity highlights an imbalance in data literacy development and underscores the need to address under-represented sub-skills, in particular the actual data collection process. …”
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Organization of the educational discipline «Pedagogical rhetoric» in university by Elena G. Protsenko

“…The problem of rhetorical skills level associated with training at university, active practical activities, as well as with independent work of students is actualized. The content analysis of the speech training of a future teacher is presented. …”
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Bayesian Estimation for the Doubly Censored Topp Leone Distribution using Approximate Methods and Fuzzy Type of Priors by Navid Feroze, Ali Al-Alwan, Muhammad Noor-ul-Amin, Shajib Ali, R. Alshenawy

“…This paper considers the posterior analysis of TLD, when the samples are doubly censored. The independent informative priors (IPs) which are very close to the Fuzzy priors have been proposed for the analysis. …”
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A Birandom Job Search Problem with Risk Tolerance by Guoli Wang, Wansheng Tang, Ruiqing Zhao

“…This paper considers a novel class of birandom job search problem, in which the job offers are sampled by the job searcher from a finite job set with equivalent probability and their wages are characterized as independent but maybe not identically nonnegative random variables. …”
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High-Accuracy Fault Location Detection in Double-Circuit Transmission Lines Utilizing Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm by Muhammad Hammad Saeed

“…Herein, an Extreme Learning Machine-based line parameter-independent fault location method is suggested that can learn the nonlinear relationship between the voltages, currents measured, and fault locations with high accuracy. …”
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Fully automated CFD simulation system research based on design scheme tree by Zijun Liu

“…During the verification process for the study case, two independent control parameters exhibit correlating trends, and one control parameter converges when the number of meshes increases, indicating a lack of trend sensitivity. …”
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