Dysfunction of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in Alzheimer's Disease by William Z. Suo, Longxuan Li

“…The deficiency of GRK5, on the other hand, impairs presynaptic M2 autoreceptor desensitization, which leads to a reduced acetylcholine release, axonal/synaptic degenerative changes, and associated amnestic, mild cognitive impairment. …”
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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition as a novel treatment for stroke by Jiahong Zhong, Xihui Yu, Zhuomiao Lin

“…Additionally, the utilization of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors can enhance synaptic plasticity within the neural circuitry, regulate cellular metabolism, and prevent secondary brain injury caused by impaired blood flow. …”
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A prospective hospital-based study on C-reactive protein as a response predictor of antidepressant treatment in drug naïve patients with major depressive disorder by Didakamiwan Khonglah, Arghya Pal, Nitu Mallik, Debes Ray, Malay Ghosal, Rudraprasad Acharya

“…Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that is implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD), due to its role in the execution of various important neurological events, including neurogenesis, mediation of neural plasticity, and synaptic transmission. Aims: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the level of CRP to remission rates after antidepressant therapy. …”
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VMAT2-Deficient Mice Display Nigral and Extranigral Pathology and Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease by Tonya N. Taylor, W. Michael Caudle, Gary W. Miller

“…Dopamine is transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2; SLC18A2). …”
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The Role of Insulin, Insulin Growth Factor, and Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease by Claude Messier, Kevin Teutenberg

“…Recent data point to changes in the insulin receptor cascade in obesity-related insulin resistance, suggesting that brain insulin receptors also become less sensitive to insulin, which could reduce synaptic plasticity. Insulin transport to the brain is reduced in aging and in some animal models of type 2 diabetes; brain insulin resistance may be present as well. …”
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Altered ERK1/2 Signaling in the Brain of Learned Helpless Rats: Relevance in Vulnerability to Developing Stress-Induced Depression by Yogesh Dwivedi, Hui Zhang

“…Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2- (ERK1/2-) mediated cellular signaling plays a major role in synaptic and structural plasticity. Although ERK1/2 signaling has been shown to be involved in stress and depression, whether vulnerability to develop depression is associated with abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling is not clearly known. …”
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Mapping and modeling age-related changes in intrinsic neural timescales by Kaichao Wu, Leonardo L. Gollo

“…Aging, often associated with cognitive decline, involves progressive neuronal and synaptic loss, reshaping brain structure and dynamics. …”
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Regulation of adult-born and mature neurons in stress response and antidepressant action in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus by Eri Segi-Nishida, Kanzo Suzuki

“…In mature granule neurons, the predominant cells in the DG, synaptic plasticity is suppressed by chronic stress. …”
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The Short-Term Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Electroencephalography in Children with Autism: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial by Anuwat Amatachaya, Mark P. Jensen, Niramol Patjanasoontorn, Narong Auvichayapat, Chanyut Suphakunpinyo, Suparerk Janjarasjitt, Niran Ngernyam, Benchaporn Aree-uea, Paradee Auvichayapat

“…Abnormal synaptic maturation and connectivity are possible etiologies of autism. …”
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Visual Features in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview by María Alejandra Cerquera-Jaramillo, Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa, Rodrigo E. González-Reyes, Carlos Tellez-Conti, Alejandra de-la-Torre

“…AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. …”
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Maternal Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy Can Increase Spatial Learning by Affecting Leptin Expression on Offspring's Early and Late Period in Life Depending on Gender by Ayfer Dayi, Sinem Agilkaya, Seda Ozbal, Ferihan Cetin, Ilkay Aksu, Celal Gencoglu, Sultan Cingoz, Cetın Pekcetin, Kazim Tugyan, Berkant Muammer Kayatekin, Nazan Uysal

“…Leptin is an adipocytokine which is secreted from adipose tissues and has positive effects on learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. In this study, pregnant rats were moderately exercised and we observed the effects of this aerobic exercise on their prepubertal and adult offsprings' spatial learning, hippocampal neurogenesis, and expression of leptin. …”
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Review of Recent Advancements by Andrea Gomez Palacio Schjetnan, Jamshid Faraji, Gerlinde A. Metz, Masami Tatsuno, Artur Luczak

“…The pathological processes following stroke may provide an exemplary system to investigate how tDCS promotes neuronal plasticity and functional recovery. Changes in synaptic function after stroke, such as reduced excitability, formation of aberrant connections, and deregulated plastic modifications, have been postulated to impede recovery from stroke. …”
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Cerebral Responses to Acupuncture at GV24 and Bilateral GB13 in Rat Models of Alzheimer’s Disease by Shaoyang Cui, Mingzhu Xu, Jianting Huang, Qing Mei Wang, Xinsheng Lai, Binbin Nie, Baoci Shan, Xun Luo, John Wong, Chunzhi Tang

“…The observed effects of acupuncture may be caused by regulating the distribution of certain kinds of neurotransmitters and enhancing synaptic plasticity.…”
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Proton Pump Inhibitors and Dementia: Physiopathological Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences by Gloria Ortiz-Guerrero, Diana Amador-Muñoz, Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina, Daniel López-Fuentes, Mauricio Orlando Nava Mesa

“…Further, AD is characterized by selective synaptic and neuronal degeneration, vascular dysfunction, and two histopathological features: extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. …”
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Integrative multiomics reveals common endotypes across PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP mutations in familial Alzheimer’s disease by Phoebe Valdes, Andrew B. Caldwell, Qing Liu, Michael Q. Fitzgerald, Srinivasan Ramachandran, Celeste M. Karch, Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), Douglas R. Galasko, Shauna H. Yuan, Steven L. Wagner, Shankar Subramaniam

“…Results We identified common disease endotypes, such as dedifferentiation, dysregulation of synaptic signaling, repression of mitochondrial function and metabolism, and inflammation. …”
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Human APP Gene Expression Alters Active Zone Distribution and Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction by Ekaterina A. Saburova, Alexander N. Vasiliev, Violetta V. Kravtsova, Elena V. Ryabova, Andrey L. Zefirov, Olga I. Bolshakova, Svetlana V. Sarantseva, Igor I. Krivoi

“…Human APP gene expression increased the number of synaptic boutons per neuromuscular junction. The total number of active zones, detected by Bruchpilot protein puncta distribution, remained unchanged; however, the average number of active zones per bouton decreased. …”
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A Biopsychosocial Overview of Speech Disorders: Neuroanatomical, Genetic, and Environmental Insights by Diya Jaishankar, Tanvi Raghuram, Bhuvanesh Kumar Raju, Divyanka Swarna, Shriya Parekh, Narendra Chirmule, Vikramsingh Gujar

“…Genetic studies have identified key genes involved in neural migration and synaptic connectivity, further elucidating the role of genetic mutations in speech disorders, such as stuttering and speech sound disorders. …”
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Nanoparticle Therapy Is a Promising Approach in the Management and Prevention of Many Diseases: Does It Help in Curing Alzheimer Disease? by Lamyaa M. Kassem, Nada A. Ibrahim, S. Ayesha Farhana

“…Gene delivery vehicles and nanocarriers including neurotrophic factors are promising therapeutics for many NDDs, and they can modulate neuronal survival and synaptic connectivity. Neurotrophic factors when integrated with the nanotechnological approaches can pass the BBB merely, representing a significant challenging track. …”
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Medical foods in Alzheimer’s disease by Klaus W. Lange, Jianjun Guo, Shigehiko Kanaya, Katharina M. Lange, Yukiko Nakamura, Shiming Li

“…Improvements in symptomatology and regional brain atrophy in AD have been claimed for several medical foods, for example, those providing ketone bodies as alternative energy supply to neurons, those containing precursors believed to improve synaptic function, and those addressing oxidative stress related to memory loss. …”
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Overexpression of SFPQ Improves Cognition and Memory in AD Mice by Jinshan Tie, Hongxiang Wu, Wei Liu, Yuying Li, Lu Li, Suju Zhao, Zhijiao Yuan, Khan Mahmood, Shaochun Chen, Huidong Wu

“…The results demonstrate that SFPQ overexpression improves recognition and memory in AD mice, while reducing AD-related marker proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau. Additionally, synaptic and memory-associated proteins, as well as antioxidant proteins like glutathione S-transferase (GST) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were upregulated. …”
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