Published 2025-01-01
“…In the qualitative analysis of the proposed model we proved the existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of the model solutions, investigated both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points, computed the basic and effective reproduction numbers using next generation matrix approach, analyzed the stability analysis of the equilibrium points, the backward bifurcation using the Castillo-Chavez and Song theorem and we re-formulated the corresponding optimal control problem and analyzed by applying the
Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. In the model quantitative (numerical) analysis part, we performed the model parameters sensitivity analysis and carried out numerical simulation to verify the qualitative analysis results. …”
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