Clinical and molecular analysis of JCPyV and BKPyV infection and associated risk of urothelial carcinoma development in the upper tract by Chun-Nun Chao, Chi-Feng Hung, Wei‑Hong Lai, Chun-Liang Tung, Wan-Yun Yeh, Kai-Wu Yang, Meilin Wang, Ya-Yan Lai, Pei-Lain Chen, Cheng-Huang Shen

“…Methods A total of 72 paraffin-embedded UTUC tissue samples and 41 adjacent tissue samples were collected from 72 patients. Nested polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to detect viral DNA and genotypes. …”
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Long-term effects of linear versus macrocyclic GBCAs on gene expression in the central nervous system of mice by Chuanbing Wang, Yuxia Tang, Jiajia Tang, Jie Zhang, Siqi Wang, Feiyun Wu, Shouju Wang

“…Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and bioinformatic analyses identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with validation by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB). …”
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Transforming Growth Factor-β Protects against Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients by Muzamil Olamide Hassan, Raquel Duarte, Therese Dix-Peek, Caroline Dickens, Sagren Naidoo, Ahmed Vachiat, Sacha Grinter, Pravin Manga, Saraladevi Naicker

“…Functional polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 genes were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer method and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. …”
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Detection of genetic determinants of potentially oncogenic representatives of the intestinal microbiota as biomarkers of colorectal cancer by Viktoriya N. Shumilova, Artemij E. Goncharov, Daniil V. Azarov, Stanislav I. Sitkin, Elgudzha L. Latariya, Batyrbek I. Aslanov, Mikhail A. Bobrakov, Rustem E. Topuzov

“…Materials and methods. 215 participants were included in the "case–control" study: 70 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer, 70 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 75 participants without diagnosed intestinal pathology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify and detect genes of potentially oncogenic microorganisms. …”
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General immunologic reactivity of patients with COVID-19 and its relation to gene polymorphism, severity of clinical course of the disease and combination with comorbidities by M.O. Sokolenko, L.P. Sydorchuk, L.S. Sokolenko, A.A. Sokolenko

“…The polymorphism of the NOS3 (rs2070744), FGB (rs1800790) and TMPRSS2 (rs12329760) genes was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qualitative determination). The overall immunological reactivity was detected and evaluated based on the analysis of 14 integral leukocyte indices: leukocyte shift index, absolute leukocyte count/erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ratio index, lymphocyte-granulocyte index, lymphocyte index, immunological resistance and reactivity index, and others. …”
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Personalized genotype markers of the atopic disorders phenotypes in children by V.O. Dytiatkovskyi

“…Main group patients were genotyped for the A/A, A/G, G/G of rs11466749, C/T, C/C and T/T of rs_7216389 and A/A, A/G and G/G of rs10052957; patients of the control group were genotyped for the A/A, A/G, G/G of rs11466749, C/T, C/C and T/T of rs_7216389 by polymerase chain reaction in real time with restricted fragment length polymorphism. …”
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A rare deleterious missense mutation in the AXIN2 gene in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome by Ying Zhang, Yu Chen, Fa-Ying Liu, Jing-Wen Fu, Xian-Xian Liu, Jun Tan, Ou-Ping Huang, Yang Zou

“…Previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) showed that Wing-less-related integration site (Wnt) signaling is the most affected pathway among PCOS-related risk genes, and genetic mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling may lead to abnormal development of PCOS.Objective To explore the possibility of axis inhibitor-2 (AXIN2) variants in Chinese women with PCOS and assess their pathogenicities.Methods A total of 365 Chinese women with PCOS and 905 women without PCOS as control were recruited from Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, All of the 11 exons and flanking regions of the AXIN2 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the potential variants were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. …”
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A rapid and simple clonality assay for bovine leukemia virus-infected cells by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis by Tomoko Kobayashi, Sakurako Makimoto, Nagaki Ohnuki, Md Belal Hossain, M. Ishrat Jahan, Misaki Matsuo, Kazuhiko Imakawa, Yorifumi Satou

“…This analysis uses restriction enzyme digestion to amplify the chimeric regions of BLV 3’ linear transcribed region (LTR) and host genome through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and visualizes the results by gel-electrophoresis. …”
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First clinical cases of leishmaniosis in meerkats (Suricata suricatta) housed in wildlife parks in Madrid, Spain by Pablo Moraleda-Berral, Rosa Gálvez, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Lino Pérez de Quadros, Juncal García, Manuel de la Riva-Fraga, Juan Pedro Barrera, Efrén Estévez-Sánchez, Lourdes Cano, Rocío Checa, María Ángeles Jiménez-Martínez, Ana Montoya, Guadalupe Miró

“…Serological tests [rK-39 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] and molecular tests [nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR] were performed to detect Leishmania DNA. …”
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Ethyl Acetate Extract of <i>Cichorium glandulosum</i> Activates the P21/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway to Alleviate Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease by Shuwen Qi, Chunzi Zhang, Junlin Yan, Xiaoyan Ma, Yewei Zhong, Wenhui Hou, Juan Zhang, Tuxia Pang, Xiaoli Ma

“…Transcriptomic and network pharmacology analyses identified key genes and pathways, validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Results: UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS identified 81 CGE compounds, mainly including terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. …”
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Integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of exosome-related gene signature in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by Renqun Mao, Wen Bi, Mengyue Yang, Lei Qin, Wenqing Li

“…Ultimately, we verified the diagnostic significance and expression of the hub genes using the SIONFH datasets and performing quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results This study identified twenty DEERGs from the peripheral serum and hip articular cartilage samples of SIONFH patients and HC. …”
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Management of a COVID-19 outbreak using a multidisciplinary approach and infection prevention control practices at a community living center in Veterans Administration Hospital, No... by Ikwo K. Oboho, John Hanna, Denisse Silva-Rodriguez, Angela Christie-Smith, Andrew Psenicka, Ampava Khongmongkhon, Marcus A. Kouma, Sherry Reid, Roger Bedimo

“…Serial testing of all CLC residents was conducted, and residents with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection were included in the analysis. …”
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Quantification of Pregenomic RNA and Covalently Closed Circular DNA in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Fugui Bai, Yoshihiko Yano, Takumi Fukumoto, Atsushi Takebe, Motofumi Tanaka, Kaori Kuramitsu, Nungki Anggorowati, Hanggoro Tri Rinonce, Dewiyani Indah Widasari, Masaya Saito, Hirotaka Hirano, Takanobu Hayakumo, Yasushi Seo, Takeshi Azuma, Yonson Ku, Yoshitake Hayashi

“…In HBsAg-negative but anti-HBc-positive group, HBV-DNA was detected in 20 of 24 (83%) noncancerous liver tissues for at least two genomic regions based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. pgRNA and cccDNA expression levels in occult HBV-infected patients were significantly lower than those in HBsAg-positive patients (P<0.001). pgRNA and cccDNA in cancerous tissues were also detected without significant difference from those in noncancerous tissues. …”
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Novel Clinical Insights into the Pathogenesis of Posttraumatic Elbow Stiffness: An Expression Profile Analysis of Contracted Joint Capsule in Human by Liu N, Dong J, Li L, Xu J, Yang C, Yu Z, Liu F

“…Finally, key DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Results: A total of 4909 DEGs associated with protein-coding, LncRNA and microRNA were detected, including 2124 upregulated and 2785 downregulated. …”
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circRNA18_46222157_46248185 inhibits melanogenesis by targeting miR-211/ pathway in goat melanocytes by Kai Yuan Ji, Xue Qing Zhang, Yi Wei Zhao, Chun E Liang, Xin Yuan, Yun Hai Zhang

“…Methods Expression patterns of circRNA18 in goat skin and melanocytes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. …”
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Association of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and neurofibromatosis type 1: assessing causation versus coincidence. Case report by Mercedes Aguilar-Soto, Julia M. Zuarth-Vázquez, Laura Leyva-Figueroa, Karla Zarco-Ávila, Armando Gamboa-Domínguez, Aldo Eguiluz-Melendez, Laura C. Hernández-Ramírez

“…NF1 expression was analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in blood and tumor cDNA. Similar cases were searched in the literature.ResultsA 54-year-old-man was incidentally diagnosed with a clinically non-functioning PitNET via brain imaging. …”
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Therapeutic Effect and Location of GFP-Labeled Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats by Jiong Yu, Guangshu Hao, Dan Wang, Jingqi Liu, Xiaotian Dong, Yanni Sun, Qiaoling Pan, Yang Li, Xiaowei Shi, Lanjuan Li, Hongcui Cao

“…The expression levels of fibrotic markers, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results. We demonstrated that liver fibrosis was significantly dampened in the hPMSC transplantation group according to the Laennec fibrosis scoring system and histological data. …”
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Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola are robust biomarkers for gingivitis and periodontitis in small dogs by Daehyun Kwon, Daehyun Kwon, Kisuk Bae, Kwangsik Jang, Kwangsik Jang, Hyun Min Jo, Hyun Min Jo, Seong Soo Kang, Seong Soo Kang, Jonghoe Byun, Se Eun Kim, Se Eun Kim

“…Furthermore, 1,054 GCF samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for 12 bacteria, including the same 11 putative periodontopathic bacteria [Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Td, Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Parvimonas micra (Pm), Eubacterium nodatum (En), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), and Eikenella corrodens (Ec)] and Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae), suspected to be a major causative agent of periodontitis in dogs in some statistical evaluatioins.ResultsInterestingly, the present study found that Fn was strongly associated with gingivitis and reconfirmed a strong association between Td and periodontitis (irreversible periodontal disease). …”
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Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for outbreak detection in hospital: A single centre prospective study by Hania Siddiqui, Alexandra M.A. Hicks, Aaron Hinz, Prachi Ray, Jennie Johnstone, Derek R. MacFadden, Jason A. Moggridge, Michael Fralick

“…Swabs were assayed for SARS-CoV-2 by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results from the floor swabs, including percentage positivity for SARS-CoV-2 and number of viral RNA copies, were sent to the hospital's infection control team twice-weekly. …”
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Clinical course, management and outcomes of COVID-19 in HIV-infected renal transplant recipients: A case series by L Bertels, K Manning, A Redd, T du Toit, Z Barday, E Muller

“…However, it is likely that the actual number of cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was much higher, as the study only included polymerase chain reaction‐confirmed cases. It remains unclear whether HIV infection, transplant or the combination of the two drives poorer outcomes, and larger studies adjusting for important demographic and biological factors may isolate these effects. …”
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