The Association Between Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Antiretroviral Therapy Resistance-Related Mutations in HIVPositive Patients by Dwitya Elvira, Rizka Nadia, Raveinal Raveinal

“…M184V and K103N drug resistance mutations to ART were analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) meanwhile tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 as pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. …”
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Assessing the diagnostic potential of SATB2 and β-catenin as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by Noha Said Helal, Sara Maher, Safia Samir, Hesham A. Elmeligy, Mohammed A. Aboul-Ezz, Tarek Aboushousha, Mona Moussa

“…We evaluated SATB2 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). β-catenin was assessed using IHC and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results High SATB2 expression and low β-catenin expression were associated with a poor prognosis in PDAC, including advanced pathological tumor stage (pT-stage), pathological lymph node stage (pN-stage), and TNM stage. …”
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Impaired Healing of a Cutaneous Wound in an Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Knockout Mouse by Takashi Kitano, Hiroshi Yamada, Maki Kida, Yuka Okada, Shizuya Saika, Munehito Yoshida

“…After specific intervals of healing, macroscopic observation, histology, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed to evaluate the healing process. …”
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Development and use of indirect liquid-phase ELISA test system for detection of PRRS virus antigen during in-process control of raw materials intended for vaccine production by Ye. P. Baborenko, O. P. Byadovskaya, D. A. Biryuchenkov, A. V. Konstantinov, R. V. Yashin

“…Specificity of purified and concentrated virus antigen was confirmed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The developed test-system was shown to detect the virus antigen at initial infectivity titre of 4.87–7.21 lg TCID50/cm3 corresponding to ELISA titre (dilution) of 1:4 up to 1:64. …”
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The role of cytokine genetic polymorphism in development of acute pancreatitis: analysis of intergenic and environmental interactions by T. A. Samgina, G. A. Zhivotova, P. M. Nazarenko, A. V. Polonikov

“…Genotyping of IL-1 gene (rs16944) polymorphisms, IL-6 gene (rs1800795), IL-10 gene (rs1800896) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with allele discrimination by TaqMan-probes. …”
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Increased B Cell-Activating Factor Expression Is Associated with Postoperative Recurrence of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps by Fang Zhang, Zhenhang Xu, Xi He, Yi Sun, Chong Zhao, Jianhui Zhang

“…The circulating and tissue BAFF expressions were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Their clinical values for predicting postoperative recurrence of CRSwNP were evaluated. …”
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SERS Platform Based on Bimetallic Au-Ag Nanowires-Decorated Filter Paper for Rapid Detection of miR-196ain Lung Cancer Patients Serum by Ji Xia, Yifan Liu, Menglin Ran, Dan Lu, Xiaowei Cao, Youwei Wang

“…The detection results indicated that the SERS platform had potential applications in cancer diagnosis and might be a viable alternative to the conventional miRNA detection method, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology.…”
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Forkhead Box Protein-3 Gene Expression of Purified Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Treated with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Somatic Antigens and Hepatitis... by Entidhar A. Hadi, Mohammad A. K. Al-Saadi, Kaiser N. Madlum

“…The immune response against MRSA somatic antigens was assessed by the genetic parameter was done to detect the level of FOXP3 mRNA gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The results of relative gene expression in the (P < 0.05) FOXP3 gene showed that the mean concentration of FOXP3 gene expression level was significantly increased in Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V, respectively, as compared to Group I. …”
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Antibiotic Resistance Profile of E. coli Isolates from Lettuce, Poultry Manure, Irrigation Water, and Soil in Kumasi, Ghana by Abigail Abena Anokyewaa Appau, Linda Aurelia Ofori

“…Eighty of the isolates were screened for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production using cefotaxime (CTX) and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (CTX/CLA) discs and three showed positive: one each from poultry manure, irrigation water, and soil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of blaCTX-M gene. …”
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Gene therapy by hepatocyte growth factor results in regression of experimental liver fibrosis by N. A. Dzhoyashvili, N. I. Kalinina, I. B. Beloglazova, Z. I. Tsokolayeva, P. I. Makarevich, Yu. L. Perov, Ye. V. Parfenova, V. A. Tkachuk

“…After obtaining liver tissue samples, histological study was carried out, and by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) contents of mPNA of liver fibrosis-associated genes were analyzed: transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), collagen 1α1 (Coll1α1), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (ММР-13), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) and smooth-muscle actin α (α-SMA). …”
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Absence of Tuberculosis-Causing Mycobacteria from Slaughtered Livestock Tissues and Environmental Samples, Gauteng Province, South Africa by Vuyokazi Mareledwane, Abiodun A. Adesiyun, Tiny M. Hlokwe

“…Additionally, 19 environmental samples were collected from feedlots, or where animals drink water while awaiting slaughter, to identify mycobacterial species using culture, acid-fast bacteria staining, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to detect statistically significant differences in the frequency of detection of Mycobacterium spp. according to the variables investigated (types of tissues, livestock, abattoirs, etc.). …”
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Familial Lymphoproliferative Malignancies and Tandem Duplication of NF1 Gene by Gustavo Fernandes, Mirela Souto, Frederico Costa, Edite Oliveira, Bernardo Garicochea

“…The coding region of the NF-1 gene was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to detect the number of mutant copies. …”
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Decreased Breg/Th17 Ratio Improved the Prognosis of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis by Xue Bing, Liang Linlang, Chen Keyan

“…Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine the expression of Breg cells-related cytokines IL-10 and Th17 cell transcription factor RORγT. …”
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Endocervical miRNA-142 expression in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease positive for Chlamydia trachomatis by Aliaa Zara Allah Hussein Al-Tememy, Maysaa S. Alshukri, Asmaa Kadhim Gatea

“…Chlamydia trachomatis was determined by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) whereas miRNA-142 was detected by RT-qPCR. …”
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Evaluation of Procalcitonin, C-Reactive Protein, and Interleukin-6 as Early Markers for Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis by Emad A. Morad, Rehab A. Rabie, Mohamed A. Almalky, Manar G. Gebriel

“…Also, bacterial DNA was revealed from the blood by broad-range 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Measurements of CRP using the immunoturbidimetry method, PCT using fluorescence immunoassay quantitative method, and IL-6 using commercially available ELISA kit were done to all enrolled neonates. …”
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Traceback and Testing of Food Epidemiologically Linked to a Norovirus Outbreak at a Wedding Reception by Efstathia Papafragkou, Amanda Kita-Yarbro, Zihui Yang, Preeti Chhabra, Timothy Davis, James Blackmore, Courtney Ziemer, Rachel Klos, Aron J. Hall, Jan Vinjé

“…Norovirus was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in stool specimens collected from four attendees and one food handler and in 12 leftover fruit salad samples from both an opened and a sealed container. …”
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Understanding Cardiovascular Events With JAK Inhibitors: Tofacitinib Reduces Synovial and Vascular Inflammation but not the Prothrombotic Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines on Endot... by Aliki Zavoriti, Pierre Miossec

“…Shortly after tofacitinib treatment, the expression of EC activation markers, specifically IL‐6, IL‐8, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), and E‐selectin, and of coagulation, including tissue factor and thrombomodulin, was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results Tofacitinib differentially inhibited production of IFNɣ, IL‐17A, and IL‐10 from PBMC cocultures with RA synoviocytes or ECs (all P < 0.001). …”
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Bacterial aetiology of chronic otitis media with effusion in children - risk factors by Izabela Korona-Glowniak, Agata Wisniewska, Marek Juda, Karolina Kielbik, Grazyna Niedzielska, Anna Malm

“…Bacterial involvement in OME has been widely reported, with various available methods to identify pathogens from middle ear effusion, including traditional culture methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Objectives The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological profile of middle ear effusion in OME. …”
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Canine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Dissemination and Tissue Tropism of Genetically Distinct Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Populations by Guilherme Marx de Oliveira, Maria de Fátima Madeira, Fernanda Santos Oliveira, Marize Quinhones Pires, Raquel da Silva Pacheco

“…(V.) braziliensis populations in different anatomic sites of naturally infected dogs by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and low-stringency single specific primer-PCR (LSSP-PCR) techniques. …”
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Genetic assessment of apolipoprotein E polymorphism and PRNP genotypes in rapidly progressive dementias in Pakistan by Urwah Rasheed, Minahil Khalid, Aneeqa Noor, Umar Saeed, Rizwan Uppal, Saima Zafar

“…Blood samples (n = 100) were collected from healthy Pakistani population and the stated mutations were assessed using polymerase chain reaction. In the analysis of the APOE genotype, ε3/ε3 genotype was the most common (95%), followed by ε3/ε4 (5%) and ε2 allele was completely absent. …”
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