Ketamine-Induced Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Urologic Effects of This Psychoactive Drug by Danyon J. Anderson, Jessica Zhou, David Cao, Matthew McDonald, Maya Guenther, Jamal Hasoon, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye, Ivan Urits

“…Furthermore, it becomes a vicious cycle when KIC patients attempt to manage their urinary pain with increased ketamine use. The precise pathophysiology of KIC is still unknown but several theories exist, most of which highlight the inflammatory signaling pathways leading to bladder epithelium damage due to presence of ketamine in the urine. …”
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Inflammatory biomarkers and therapeutic potential of milk exosome-mediated CCL7 siRNA in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by WenDong Chen, WenPing Xu, Li Ma, Chun Bi, MeiXu Yang, Wei Yang

“…Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of IIRI, effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies remain limited.MethodsUsing transcriptome sequencing in a mouse model of IIRI, we identified potential biomarkers that were significantly upregulated in the IIRI group compared to the sham group. …”
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Rare Mental Health Disorders Affecting Urologic Care: A Comprehensive Review by Abrahim N. Razzak, Nicholas A. Orlando, Alexis Angelette, Vinay Kumar, Danyon J. Anderson, Jamal Hasoon, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye, Joseph S. Fitz-Gerald, Nazih Khater, Ivan Urits

“…This review describes the history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, compulsive sexual behavior/hypersexuality, factitious disorder, malingering symptoms, and conversion disorder in the realm of urology. …”
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The Role of the Immune System in Huntington’s Disease by Gisa Ellrichmann, Christiane Reick, Carsten Saft, Ralf A. Linker

“…Mutant htt (mhtt) in the striatum is assumed to be the main reason for neurodegeneration. Knowledge about pathophysiology has rapidly improved discussing influences of excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, free radicals, and inflammatory mechanisms. …”
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Hyperammonemia: What Urea-lly Need to Know: Case Report of Severe Noncirrhotic Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy and Review of the Literature by Ruby Upadhyay, Thomas P. Bleck, Katharina M. Busl

“…Existing evidence about hyperammonemia is organized to address pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. …”
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Primary intracranial malignant melanoma in an adolescent: case report and literature review by Nyoman Golden, I Gusti Ketut Agung Surya Kencana, Christopher Lauren, Angky Saputra, Denny Japardi

“…As PIMM presents with nonspecific symptoms, awareness among clinicians is essential for early detection and appropriate intervention, warranting further research to develop standardized treatment protocols and enhance understanding of this rare tumor's pathophysiology.…”
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Personality structure assessment of people with opiate addiction and people with internet addiction disorder by Milinović Milica, Tepšič-Ostojić Vesna

“…Neurobiological and pharmacological data suggest similarities between the pathophysiology of opiate addiction and pathological gambling. …”
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The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children and Adolescents in Dalmatia: A Hospital Based Study by Marko Šimunović, Joško Božić, Lukrecija Milić, Ivana Unić, Veselin Škrabić

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Epigenetic Research of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Patient iPSC-Based Models by Rubén Fernández-Santiago, Mario Ezquerra

“…Moreover, elucidating epigenetic regulation using patient-specific iPSC-derived neural models is expected to have a great impact to unravel the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and to hopefully expand future therapeutic possibilities. …”
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Epidemiological and Pathogenic Relationship between Sleep Apnea and Ischemic Heart Disease by Carlos Carpio, Rodolfo Álvarez-Sala, Francisco García-Río

“…Coronary artery disease has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea in many reports. The pathophysiology of coronary artery disease in obstructive sleep apnea patients probably includes the activation of multiple mechanisms, as the sympathetic activity, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and systemic hypertension. …”
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Buffalo Immune Competence Under Infectious and Non-Infectious Stressors by Maria Giovanna Ciliberti, Antonella Santillo, Mariangela Caroprese, Marzia Albenzio

“…Indeed, the cytokine profile could be considered a useful biomarker to determine the pathophysiology of certain diseases, such as mastitis, endometritis, change-induced heat stress, and zoonoses. …”
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Advancements in Antioxidant-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury: A Critical Review of Strategies and Combination Approaches by Yang-Jin Shen, Yin-Cheng Huang, Yi-Chuan Cheng

“…It emphasizes the limitations of single-regimen approaches, particularly their limited efficacy and suboptimal delivery to injured spinal cord tissue, while highlighting the synergistic potential of combination therapies that integrate multiple modalities to address the multifaceted pathophysiology of SCI. By analyzing emerging trends and current limitations, this review identifies key challenges and proposes future directions, including the refinement of antioxidant delivery systems, the development of multi-targeted approaches, and strategies to overcome the structural complexities of the spinal cord. …”
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Hypoadiponectinemia: A Link between Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome by Tiziana Di Chiara, Christiano Argano, Salvatore Corrao, Rosario Scaglione, Giuseppe Licata

“…Accordingly, the “hypoadiponectinemia” has been proposed as the most interesting new hypothesis to explain the pathophysiology of MetS.…”
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Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis: Hidden in Plain Sight by Constantine N. Logothetis, Joel Fernandez, Damian A. Laber

“…Each of these have a distinct pathophysiology, diagnostic work-up, treatment, and prognosis. …”
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Comparison of NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio) as inflammatory markers in 1st episode mania and bipolar mania: A preliminary study by Manish K. Goyal, Ram K. Solanki, Akhilesh Jain, Kuldeep S. Yadav

“…Conclusion: Results suggest a possible inflammatory pathophysiology of mania. Psychotropic medicines may have an anti-inflammatory effect, signified by the fact that 1st episode mania group has a greater level of inflammation in comparison to bipolar mania.…”
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Aducanumab, a Novel Anti-Amyloid Monoclonal Antibody, for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review by Hannah W Haddad, Garett W. Malone, Nicholas J. Comardelle, Arielle E. Degueure, Adam M. Kaye, Alan D. Kaye

“…This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, and current treatment of AD followed by the role of the novel monoclonal antibody, aducanumab, in treatment of AD. …”
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The Role of Methylation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Its Prognostic and Therapeutic Impacts in the Disease: A Systematic Review by Sevastianos Chatzidavid, Christina-Nefeli Kontandreopoulou, Nefeli Giannakopoulou, Panagiotis T. Diamantopoulos, Christos Stafylidis, Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis, Maria Dimou, Panayiotis Panayiotidis, Nora-Athina Viniou

“…The findings included genes and proteins involved in key pathways that play central roles in the pathophysiology of the disease. Τhe application of these findings beyond the theoretical understanding can not only lead to the creation of prognostic and predictive models and scores but also to the design of novel therapeutic agents. …”
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Classification and Characteristics of Pain Associated with Parkinson’s Disease by Marcelo Rezende Young Blood, Marcelo Machado Ferro, Renato Puppi Munhoz, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive, Carlos Henrique Ferreira Camargo

“…Although pain in DP is common and a significant source of disability, its clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, classification, and management remain to be defined.…”
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Prenatally Diagnosed Testicular Torsion: A Rare Condition That Causes Dilemma in Management by Michael Gerbo, Chad Crigger, Yasamin Samadi, Michael C. Ost, Osama Al-Omar

“…As a result, incidence is unknown, and there exists no consensus regarding the pathophysiology of this phenomenon nor universally recognized algorithms and guidelines regarding its diagnosis and management. …”
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Effect of Hemin on Brain Alterations and Neuroglobin Expression in Water Immersion Restraint Stressed Rats by Merhan Ragy, Fatma Ali, Maggie M. Ramzy

“…In the brain, the heme oxygenase (HO) system has been reported to be very active and its modulation seems to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Hemin as HO-1 inducer has been shown to attenuate neuronal injury so the goal of this study was to assess the effect of hemin therapy on the acute stress and how it would modulate neurological outcome. …”
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