Aortic Disease in the Young: Genetic Aneurysm Syndromes, Connective Tissue Disorders, and Familial Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections by Marcelo Cury, Fernanda Zeidan, Armando C. Lobato

“…In this study, we propose the review of the current genetic knowledge in the aortic disease, observing, in the results that the causative genes and molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysm disease remain undiscovered and continue to be an area of intensive research.…”
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Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Treatment of Difficult-to-Control or Resistant Hypertension by Vasilios Papademetriou, Michalis Doumas, Konstantinos Tsioufis

“…This paper outlines the pathophysiological background for renal sympathetic denervation, describes the past and the present of this interventional approach, and considers several future potential applications.…”
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Allergen-Induced Asthma by Donald W Cockcroft

“…A standardized allergen inhalation challenge model has been developed and is proving to be a valuable research tool in the investigation of asthma pathophysiology and of potential new pharmacological agents for the treatment of asthma.…”
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Description of the First Case of Adenomyomatosis of the Gallbladder in an Infant by Yuri A. Zarate, Katherine A. Bosanko, Chaowapong Jarasvaraparn, Jaime Vengoechea, Elizabeth M. McDonough

“…The patient remains asymptomatic and currently no surgical interventions have been needed. We review the pathophysiology and ultrasonographic findings of this rare condition and present a comparison with the only other four pediatric cases of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder.…”
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Diagnostic Challenges in Ovarian Hyperthecosis: Clinical Presentation with Subdiagnostic Testosterone Levels by Sanket Shah, Callie Torres, Naser Gharaibeh

“…This presentation of ovarian hyperthecosis with subdiagnostic total serum testosterone levels demonstrates the need for continued research into the pathophysiology of the disease, discussion of the diagnostic threshold of total serum testosterone, as well as the inclusion of ovarian hyperthecosis in the differential of postmenopausal women with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance.…”
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Gender Dysphoria and Its Non-Surgical and Surgical Treatments by Danyon Anderson, Himasa Wijetunge, Peyton Moore, Daniel Provenzano, Nathan Li, Jamal Hasoon, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye, Ivan Urits

“…It is estimated that 1.4 million Americans and 25 million people worldwide identify as transgender and that 0.6% of Americans experience gender dysphoria. The pathophysiology of gender dysphoria is multifactorial and incompletely understood. …”
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Cervical artery dissection: ethiopathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment (literature review) by I. Zagorskienė, A. Paplauskaitė, J. Valaikienė

“… Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is considered a rare disorder, but among young adults it is a common cause of stroke (causes about 25% of strokes in young adults). So far, the pathophysiology of spontaneous CAD is probably best described as an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. …”
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When a Dead Patient Is Not Really Dead: Lazarus Phenomenon by Munish Sharma, Megha Chandna, Thang Nguyen, Abhay Vakil, Rene Franco, Iqbal Ratnani, Joseph Varon, Salim Surani

“…The Lazarus phenomenon is rarely encountered and pathophysiology is not very well understood, but physicians need to be aware of this phenomenon. …”
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Treatment of Bleeding Diathesis Associated with a Heparin-Like Anticoagulant in Plasma Cell Neoplasia Using Protamine by Christopher A. Willner, Mohammed M. Chisti

“…With further investigation, this strategy could be applicable in other hematological malignancies with bleeding diathesis, chiefly if the pathophysiology of the HLAC is precisely defined.…”
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Advances in Imaging for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation by Andrew D'Silva, Matthew Wright

“…Over the last fifteen years, our understanding of the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) has paved the way for ablation to be utilized as an effective treatment option. …”
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Central Pontine Myelinolysis with Minimal Hyponatremia in the Setting of AIDS by Joseph M. Carrington, Galo Sanchez, Jennifer L. Berkeley

“…Common variables within this population, such as hypoalbuminemia and lymphoma, are discussed as potential factors contributing to the pathophysiology. Reporting these atypical cases is crucial to our understanding of how to prevent future cases.…”
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Nicolau Syndrome due to Penicillin Injection: A Report of 3 Cases without Long-Term Complication by Sara Memarian, Behdad Gharib, Mohammd Gharagozlou, Hosein Alimadadi, Zahra Ahmadinejad, Vahid Ziaee

“…Nicolau syndrome (NS) or livedo-like dermatitis is a rare complication of injection of various medications such as penicillin. The pathophysiology of this events is not clear, but some hypotheses are suggested, such as sympathetic nerve stimulation, embolic occlusion, inflammation, or mechanical injury. …”
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Hamman’s Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Chest Pain in a Postpartum Patient by Daniyeh Khurram, Brijesh Patel, M. Waseem Farra

“…The incidence of Hamman’s syndrome is believed to be 1 in 100,000 deliveries. The pathophysiology of this condition is rupture of alveoli and seepage of air through bronchovascular connective tissue. …”
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Neuroinflammation and Cerebrovascular Disease in Old Age: A Translational Medicine Perspective by Mario Di Napoli, Imtiaz M. Shah

“…The incidence of cerebrovascular disease is highest in the elderly population. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain response to cerebral ischemia in old age are currently poorly understood. …”
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Genetics of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in African Americans by Shana McCormack, Struan F. A. Grant

“…Despite these important considerations and the challenges of conducting this work, population-based approaches for investigating the etiology of obesity and T2D may yield useful information about the pathophysiology of disease, and have implications that extend to all affected individuals. …”
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Benign Recurrent Sixth (Abducens) Nerve Palsy following Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination by Areti Bourtoulamaiou, Sohraab Yadav, Harish Nayak

“…There is limited data available on the pathophysiology of vaccination-related nerve palsies. …”
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Role of Leukotrienes on Protozoan and Helminth Infections by Alexandre P. Rogerio, Fernanda F. Anibal

“…In addition, the decreased production of LTs in immunocompromised individuals might modulate the pathophysiology of helminth and protozoan infections. …”
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Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review by Jorge J. Castillo, John L. Reagan

“…The main goal of this article is to systematically review the most recent advances in epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics; therapy; and prognosis in patients with PBL. …”
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Revisiting substance P in migraine: a methodological approach inspired by anti-CGRP and anti-PACAP success by Lanfranco Pellesi, Lars Edvinsson

“…Building on the success of therapies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) system and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in migraine prevention, which highlight the importance of targeting peptides, this proposal reexamines substance P as a mediator in migraine pathophysiology. Using an established methodological framework, migraine-inducing properties of substance P can be evaluated through randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies involving healthy volunteers and individuals with a history of migraine. …”
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Optic neuritis: relation between inflammatory genetic markers and occurrence of the disease by V. Punytė, R. Liutkevičienė

“…In this article we briefly review the epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment of ON as well as its relation to multiple sclerosis. …”
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