The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNAs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal Polyps by Yiting Liu, Jichao Sha, Cuida Meng, Dongdong Zhu

“…Although very detailed and in-depth studies on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps have been conducted, few studies have assessed the regulatory effects of exosomes and microRNAs on allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps. …”
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Safety and Mode of Action of Diabetes Medications in comparison with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) by Peter R. Rehani, Hanaa Iftikhar, Motowo Nakajima, Tohru Tanaka, Zaid Jabbar, Riyadh N. Rehani

“…Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Thus, in this review, we evaluate the mechanisms of action and adverse effects of common medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as 5-ALA including its mechanism and possible use in diabetes management.…”
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A Rare Case of Adductor Longus Muscle Rupture by R. J. L. L. van de Kimmenade, C. J. A. van Bergen, P. J. E. van Deurzen, R. A. W. Verhagen

“…This report describes the anatomy, pathophysiology, and evidence-based treatment of adductor longus rupture.…”
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Update in Noninvasive Home Mechanical Ventilation: A Narrative Review of Indications, Outcomes, and Monitoring by Laura Tregidgo, Prasheena Naran, Eshrina Gosal, Rebecca F. D’Cruz

“…This narrative review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of chronic respiratory failure, evidence-based applications of home NIV, and monitoring of patients established on home ventilation and describes technological advances in ventilation devices, interfaces, and monitoring to enhance comfort, promote long-term adherence, and optimise gas exchange.…”
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Positive Pressure for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome by Arijit Chanda, Jeff S. Kwon, Armand John Wolff, Constantine A. Manthous

“…This article reviews the pathophysiology of OHS as well as the literature regarding the benefits of treating this disorder with positive airway pressure. …”
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Anti-K1 (Kell) Antibody Expressed in Maternal Breastmilk: A Case Report of a Neonate with Multiple Intrauterine Transfusions and Postnatal Exposure to Kell Antibody in Maternal Bre... by Patrick DeMoss, Mohamed Asfour, Kelly Hersey

“…The infant required another transfusion at 4 weeks of life for anemia. We review the pathophysiology of anti-Kell antibodies, the immunology of breast milk, and the intersection of these two topics.…”
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Induction of Oxidative Stress in Kidney by Emin Ozbek

“…Oxidative stress has a critical role in the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases, and many complications of these diseases are mediated by oxidative stress, oxidative stress-related mediators, and inflammation. …”
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Paroxysmal Amnesia Attacks due to Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy by Pelin Nar Senol, Aylin Bican Demir, Ibrahim Bora, Mustafa Bakar

“…The syndrome is characterized by cognitive impairment, encephalopathy, psychiatric symptoms, and seizures associated with increased level of anti-thyroid antibodies. The exact pathophysiology underlying cerebral involvement is still lesser known. …”
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Mass‐Guided Single‐Cell MALDI Imaging of Low‐Mass Metabolites Reveals Cellular Activation Markers by James L. Cairns, Johanna Huber, Andrea Lewen, Jessica Jung, Stefan J. Maurer, Tobias Bausbacher, Stefan Schmidt, Pavel A. Levkin, Daniel Sevin, Kerstin Göpfrich, Philipp Koch, Oliver Kann, Carsten Hopf

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Altered functional brain connectivity in Dyt1 knock-in mouse models by R. Z. Adury, B. J. Wilkes, P. Girdhar, Y. Li, D. E. Vaillancourt, D. E. Vaillancourt, D. E. Vaillancourt

“…However, how TorsinA dysfunction in specific cell types affects network connectivity and dystonia-related pathophysiology remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the impact of the GAG TorsinA mutation present globally and when restricted to the cortical and hippocampal neurons. …”
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RETRACTED: The Mechanism of Pertussis Cough Revealed by the Mouse-Coughing Model by Yukihiro Hiramatsu, Koichiro Suzuki, Takashi Nishida, Naoki Onoda, Takashi Satoh, Shizuo Akira, Masahito Ikawa, Hiroko Ikeda, Junzo Kamei, Sandra Derouiche, Makoto Tominaga, Yasuhiko Horiguchi

“…Our findings provide a basis to answer long-standing questions on the pathophysiology of pertussis cough. IMPORTANCE The Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes a respiratory disease called whooping cough, or pertussis. …”
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Increased aqueous humor levels of endothelin-1 in patients with open angle glaucoma by Adam Hedberg-Buenz, Erin A. Boese, Angela W. Nyunt, Nathan C. Sears, Andrew E. Pouw, Kai Wang, John H. Fingert

“…These findings suggest that dysregulation of ET-1 production may contribute to glaucoma pathophysiology. In this study, aqueous humor from patients undergoing ocular surgery was assayed for ET-1 abundance and related to the presence of glaucoma. …”
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Risk Factors for Fracture in Patients with Coexisting Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Analysis from the CREDENCE Trial by Tamara K. Young, Nigel D. Toussaint, Gian Luca Di Tanna, Clare Arnott, Carinna Hockham, Amy Kang, Aletta E. Schutte, Vlado Perkovic, Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Rajiv Agarwal, George L. Bakris, David M. Charytan, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink, Adeera Levin, Carol Pollock, David C. Wheeler, Hong Zhang, Meg J. Jardine

“…Background. The fracture pathophysiology associated with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood. …”
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Combining O2 High Flow Nasal or Non-Invasive Ventilation with Cooperative Sedation to Avoid Intubation in Early Diffuse Severe Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Especially in Immunoco... by Petitjeans Fabrice, Longrois Dan, Ghignone Marco, Quintin Luc

“…This overview addresses the pathophysiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; conventional vs. …”
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Snake Envenomation Causing Distant Tracheal Myonecrosis by Amina Khimani, Afton Mcnierney, Sara Surani, Salim Surani

“…In this review, we will attempt to discuss the myonecrosis pathophysiology and management related to the rattle snakebite.…”
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Ectopic Intratracheal Thyroid: A Rare Cause of Airway Obstruction by Waheed Rahman, Nafil Ishaq Arimbrathodi, Faisal Abdulkader, Hussain Al-Enazi, Zeynel A. Dogan

“…We have also included presenting symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of EITT. We aim to include EITT in the differentials of airway obstruction, particularly in those patients who have goiter or previous thyroid surgeries.…”
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Translational approach to assess brain injury after cardiac arrest in preclinical models: a narrative review by Francesca Motta, Marianna Cerrato, Daria De Giorgio, Alice Salimbeni, Giulia Merigo, Aurora Magliocca, Carlo Perego, Elisa R. Zanier, Giuseppe Ristagno, Francesca Fumagalli

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Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome by Ronelsys Martínez Martínez, Raúl González Salas, Ariel Leonardo Alarcón Vela, Diana Sofía Iglesias Espín

“…This work aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome whose pathophysiology has not been fully understood, hence its diagnosis continues to be by exclusion. …”
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Heat Shock Proteins in Tendinopathy: Novel Molecular Regulators by Neal L. Millar, George A. C. Murrell

“…Whilst the molecular pathophysiology of tendinopathy remains difficult to interpret the disease process involving repetitive stress, and cellular load provides important mechanistic insight into the area of heat shock proteins which spans many disease processes in the autoimmune community. …”
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Case Report: A crushing sensation—a rare case of mediastinal germ cell tumor causing cardiac tamponade by Kevin S. Tang, Emin Zargarian, Pranav M. Patel

“…This report reviews the clinical considerations for this rare pathophysiology; definitive therapy requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary approach for hemodynamic optimization and mass removal.…”
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