Apelin/APJ system: a novel promising target for anti-oxidative stress in stroke by Weilin Xu, Weilin Xu, Jun Yan, Zachary D. Travis, Cameron Lenahan, Liansheng Gao, Liansheng Gao, Haijian Wu, Haijian Wu, Jingwei Zheng, Jingwei Zheng, Jianmin Zhang, Jianmin Zhang, Anwen Shao, Anwen Shao, Jun Yu, Jun Yu

“…However, the distribution of the apelin/APJ system varies across different regions and subcellular organelles of the brain. Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of the apelin/APJ system have been reported to inhibit oxidative and nitrative stresses via various signaling pathways. …”
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The Emerging Role of Proteolysis in Mitochondrial Quality Control and the Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease by Riya Shanbhag, Guang Shi, Jarungjit Rujiviphat, G. Angus McQuibban

“…Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that are important for many diverse cellular processes, such as energy metabolism, calcium buffering, and apoptosis. …”
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Exosomes as Mediators of Cell-to-Cell Communication in Thyroid Disease by Yi Wang, Feng Xu, Jia-Yu Zhong, Xiao Lin, Su-Kang Shan, Bei Guo, Ming-Hui Zheng, Ling-Qing Yuan

“…As a transmitter, exosomes shuttle to different cells or tissues and mediate communications among these organelles. To date, several studies have demonstrated that exosomes play crucial roles in disease pathogenesis and development, such as breast and prostate cancer. …”
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The Role of Galectins as Modulators of Metabolism and Inflammation by Monica Fengsrud Brinchmann, Deepti Manjari Patel, Martin Haugmo Iversen

“…Galectins are found inside cells and in the nucleus, cytosol, and organelles, as well as extracellularly. Galectin-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, and -12 can all induce T-cell apoptosis and modulate inflammation. …”
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Polycystic Diseases in Visceral Organs by Shakila Abdul-Majeed, Surya M. Nauli

“…Primary cilia are nonmotile, microtubule-based, antenna-like organelles projecting from the apical surface of most mammalian cells. …”
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Mechanism of Swimming Exercise Intervention on Rats with Vascular Dementia Based on PERK/ATF4/CHOP Pathway by LIU Fang, LI Mengxing, WANG Yu, TANG Wei

“…Compared with the model group, the average escape latency of the swimming exercise group and the drug group were significantly shortened, and the number of platform crossing significantly increased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). (2) Neuron ultrastructure: in the model group, the number of organelles in the cytoplasm decreased, cytoplasmic matrix dissolution and vacuolization occurred, mitochondria cristae were broken and unclear, and neural fiber necrosis and dissolution were visible; compared with the model group, the swimming exercise group showed significant improvement in the structure of various organelles in the cytoplasm and the degree of vacuolar changes. (3) Expression levers of brain tissue PERK, ATF4, CHOP mRNA and protein: compared with the sham operation group, the expression levels of PERK, ATF4, CHOP mRNA, and protein in the hippocampal CA1 region of the model group significantly increased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05); compared with the model group, the expression levels of PERK, ATF4, CHOP mRNA and protein in the hippocampal CA1 region of the swimming exercise group significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05).ConclusionSwimming exercise can protect brain tissue in rats with VD and improve their cognitive functions. …”
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A potential therapeutic approach for ulcerative colitis: targeted regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy through phytochemicals by Jianping Zhou, Yuting Xi, Ting Wu, Xiaoyu Zeng, Jun Yuan, Lei Peng, Hao Fu, Ce Zhou

“…Mitochondria are important organelles that regulate cellular energy and biosynthesis, as well as maintain the body’s response to environmental stress. …”
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Tumor-Related Exosomes Contribute to Tumor-Promoting Microenvironment: An Immunological Perspective by Wuzhen Chen, Jingxin Jiang, Wenjie Xia, Jian Huang

“…Exosomes are a kind of cell-released membrane-form structures which contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These vesicular organelles play a key role in intercellular communication. …”
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Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Animal Longevity: Insights from Comparative Studies by Reinald Pamplona

“…Mitochondria are a main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chemical sidereactions in healthy aerobic tissues and are the only known extranuclear cellular organelles in animal cells that contain their own DNA (mtDNA). …”
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Uptake of Photosensitizer 2-Devinyl-2-(1-methoxylethyl) Chlorin f in Human Breast Cancer Cells: A Diffusion Kinetics Study by Ping Chen, Feng Zhang, Lei Zhang, Song-Cheng Mao, Lie Lin, Hua Bai, Guo-Qing Tang, Jian-Zhong Yao, Jun-Hong Yang, Yun-Feng Ma

“…CPD4 permeated into MCF-7 cells with increasing incubation time, which was followed by its binding to cell organelles. Subcellular distribution study revealed that CPD4 was primarily localized on the mitochondria and membranes, supporting that the mode of transmembrane transport was diffusion. …”
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Cytological and biochemical markers of autophagy in wheat suspension culture cells under abiotic stress by A.B. Mazina, S.A. Dmitrieva, A.G. Renkova, J.N. Valitova, V.R. Khabibrakhmanova, F.V. Minibayeva

“…Autophagy is a highly conserved process of intracellular degradation of damaged, oxidized or excess macromolecules and organelles in eukaryotic cells. Under optimal conditions, the baseline level of autophagy is low. …”
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Light-dependent modulation of protein localization and function in living bacteria cells by Ryan McQuillen, Amilcar J. Perez, Xinxing Yang, Christopher H. Bohrer, Erika L. Smith, Sylvia Chareyre, Ho-Ching Tiffany Tsui, Kevin E. Bruce, Yin Mon Hla, Joshua W. McCausland, Malcolm E. Winkler, Erin D. Goley, Kumaran S. Ramamurthi, Jie Xiao

“…Abstract Most bacteria lack membrane-enclosed organelles and rely on macromolecular scaffolds at different subcellular locations to recruit proteins for specific functions. …”
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Autophagy: More Than a Nonselective Pathway by Fulvio Reggiori, Masaaki Komatsu, Kim Finley, Anne Simonsen

“…Autophagy is a catabolic pathway conserved among eukaryotes that allows cells to rapidly eliminate large unwanted structures such as aberrant protein aggregates, superfluous or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. The hallmark of this transport pathway is the sequestration of the cargoes that have to be degraded in the lysosomes by double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. …”
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Autophagy in Inflammatory Diseases by Alexander J. S. Choi, Stefan W. Ryter

“…Autophagy provides a mechanism for the turnover of cellular organelles and proteins through a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway. …”
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Generation and study of the synthetic brain electron microscopy dataset for segmentation purpose by N.A. Sokolov, E.P. Vasiliev, A.A. Getmanskaya

“…In this work, we present an algorithm for the synthesis of 6 types of organelles. Based on the EPFL dataset, a training set of 1161 real fragments 256×256 (ORG) and 2000 synthetic ones (SYN), as well as their combination (MIX), were generated. …”
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The ABC transporter Opp imports reduced glutathione, while Gsi imports glutathione disulfide in Escherichia coli by Lisa R. Knoke, Maik Muskietorz, Lena Kühn, Lars I. Leichert

“…Glutathione transport out of and into cellular compartments and the extracellular space is a determinant of the thiol-disulfide redox state of the organelles and bodily fluids in question, but is currently not well understood. …”
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Germ granule-mediated mRNA storage and translational control by Hoang-Anh Pham-Bui, Mihye Lee

“…These membrane-less organelles form through the condensation of RNA and proteins, governed by multivalent biomolecular interactions. …”
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Ethanolamine-induced assembly of microcompartments is required for Fusobacterium nucleatum virulence by Dana S. Franklin, Yi-Wei Chen, Yimin Chen, Manuel Wittchen, Angela Agnew, Alexis Luu, Julian P. Whitelegge, Z. Hong Zhou, Andreas Tauch, Asis Das, Hung Ton-That

“…ABSTRACT Many bacteria metabolize ethanolamine as a nutrient source through cytoplasmic organelles named bacterial microcompartments (BMCs). …”
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A mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has impaired fear memory, which is rescued by lithium treatment. by Thomas K Pak, Calvin S Carter, Qihong Zhang, Sunny C Huang, Charles Searby, Ying Hsu, Rebecca J Taugher, Tim Vogel, Christopher C Cychosz, Rachel Genova, Nina N Moreira, Hanna Stevens, John A Wemmie, Andrew A Pieper, Kai Wang, Kai Wang, Val C Sheffield

“…Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles present on most cells that regulate many physiological processes, ranging from maintaining energy homeostasis to renal function. …”
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Modulation of mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle during endurance training: early activation of fission and late induction of fusion protein expression by Hisashi Takakura, Hitomi Banba, Tatsuya Yamada, Rikuhide Koma, Tsubasa Shibaguchi, Yudai Nonaka, Kazumi Masuda

“…The mitochondria are highly plastic organelles. Exercise training alters mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial fission and fusion) in skeletal muscles and improves overall mitochondrial function by altering mitochondrial morphology and forming new networks. …”
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