Disruption in the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Missing Link between Brain and Body Inflammation in Bipolar Disorder? by Jay P. Patel, Benicio N. Frey

“…There has been growing evidence that BBB disruption is associated with brain inflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Considering the increasing role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), here we propose a novel model wherein transient or persistent disruption of BBB integrity is associated with decreased CNS protection and increased permeability of proinflammatory (e.g., cytokines, reactive oxygen species) substances from the peripheral blood into the brain. …”
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Protein Phosphatase 2A: Role in T Cells and Diseases by Suyasha Roy, Lalit Batra

“…PP2A activation has shown to reduce neuroinflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and is now used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) clinically. In this review, we will discuss the structure and functions of PP2A in T cell differentiation and diseases and therapeutic applications of PP2A-mediated immunotherapy.…”
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Emerging Stem Cell Therapies: Treatment, Safety, and Biology by Joel Sng, Thomas Lufkin

“…The autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells is increasingly employed to catalyze the repair of mesenchymal tissue and others, including the lung and heart, and utilized in treating various conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. There is also increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of other adult stem cells such as neural, mammary, intestinal, inner ear, and testicular stem cells. …”
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Friends or Foes: Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Multifaceted Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases by Marjana Brkic, Sriram Balusu, Claude Libert, Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke

“…Here, we review MMPs and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We also discuss MMP inhibition as a possible therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.…”
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Acid-Sensing Ion Channels as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation by Audrey Ortega-Ramírez, Rosario Vega, Enrique Soto

“…Over the years, different studies have shown that activation of these channels is linked to various physiological and pathological processes, such as memory, learning, fear, anxiety, ischemia, and multiple sclerosis to name a few, so their potential as therapeutic targets is increasing. …”
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Cross-Talk between Apolipoprotein E and Cytokines by Hongliang Zhang, Li-Min Wu, Jiang Wu

“…Despite its importance in lipid transport and atherosclerosis pathogenesis, apoE is associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease, and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Among others, the role of apoE in modulating inflammation and oxidation is crucial in elucidating the risk factors of the above diseases since the function of apoE is closely linked with both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. …”
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Neuropathic Pain in Animal Models of Nervous System Autoimmune Diseases by David H. Tian, Chamini J. Perera, Gila Moalem-Taylor

“…Neuropathic pain is a frequent chronic presentation in autoimmune diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), causing significant individual disablement and suffering. …”
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Glutamate Receptors in Neuroinflammatory Demyelinating Disease

“…<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). …”
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Computational Modelling Approaches on Epigenetic Factors in Neurodegenerative and Autoimmune Diseases and Their Mechanistic Analysis by Afroza Khanam Irin, Alpha Tom Kodamullil, Michaela Gündel, Martin Hofmann-Apitius

“…As an example, we depict the integration of epigenetic and genetic factors in a functional context specific to Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS).…”
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Regulation of Glial Cell Functions by PPAR-𝜸 Natural and Synthetic Agonists by Antonietta Bernardo, Luisa Minghetti

“…PPAR-𝛾 agonists, which include naturally occurring compounds (such as long chain fatty acids and the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2), and synthetic agonists (among which the thiazolidinediones and few nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have shown anti-inflammatory and protective effects in several experimental models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and stroke, as well as in few clinical studies. …”
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Rare Case of Spinal Neurosarcoidosis with Concomitant Epidural Lipomatosis by Nesreen Jaafar, Maria Khoueiry, Samia J. Khoury, Achraf Makki

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Intermittent Atrioventricular Block following Fingolimod Initiation by E. Gialafos, S. Gerakoulis, A. Grigoriou, V. Haina, C. Kilidireas, E. Stamboulis, E. Andreadou

“…A 47-year-old female patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) developed symptomatic intermittent 2nd degree atrioventricular block (AVB) of five-hour duration, five hours after the first two doses of fingolimod, that resolved completely. …”
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Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles Allow Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of Lymphocytes in the Mouse Brain by Alessandro Luchetti, Davide Milani, Francesca Ruffini, Rossella Galli, Andrea Falini, Angelo Quattrini, Giuseppe Scotti, Giancarlo Comi, Gianvito Martino, Roberto Furlan, Letterio S. Politi

“…Likewise, we were able to identify CD3 + infiltrates in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. The specificity of the technique was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy of corresponding sections. …”
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Th17 Cells in Immunity and Autoimmunity by Simone Kennedy Bedoya, Brandon Lam, Kenneth Lau, Joseph Larkin

“…However, strong evidence also implicates the Th17 lineage in several autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. …”
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Optical coherence tomography in differential diagnosis of optic neuropathy of various genesis by S.I. Zhukova, D.Yu. Samsonov, T.N. Yur’eva, T.V. Prozorova

“…In 7 patients, ON was associated with a history of optic neuritis with underlying multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, we are faced with ONs associated with glaucoma, ischemia and MS. …”
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A Role for Folate in Microbiome-Linked Control of Autoimmunity by Christine Mölzer, Heather M. Wilson, Lucia Kuffova, John V. Forrester

“…The microbiome exerts considerable control over immune homeostasis and influences susceptibility to autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease (AD/AID) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, and uveitis. …”
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The Psychometric Properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) in Patients with Life-Threatening Illnesses by Maede Naghiyaee, Bahman Bahmani, Ali Asgari

“…The MLQ was completed by 301 patients (aged 20–80 years) diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses (cancer and multiple sclerosis) and referred to hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson’s correlation test were used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire. …”
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Therapeutic Approaches for Peripheral and Central Neuropathic Pain by Délia Szok, János Tajti, Aliz Nyári, László Vécsei

“…Central chronic neuropathic pain can develop as a result of spinal cord or brain injury, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. As first-line pharmacological treatment options, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and gabapentinoids are recommended. …”
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Adolescent and Adult Children of Parents with Parkinson's Disease: Incorporating Their Needs in Clinical Guidelines by David Morley, Caroline Selai, Anette Schrag, Marjan Jahanshahi, Alan Thompson

“…To compare the quality of life (QoL) and emotional well-being of the offspring of parents with Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) and to consider results in light of current UK clinical guidelines. …”
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Hsp70 and Its Molecular Role in Nervous System Diseases by Giuseppina Turturici, Gabriella Sconzo, Fabiana Geraci

“…Hsp70 functions as a chaperone and protects neurons from protein aggregation and toxicity (Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, polyglutamine diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), protects cells from apoptosis (Parkinson disease), is a stress marker (temporal lobe epilepsy), protects cells from inflammation (cerebral ischemic injury), has an adjuvant role in antigen presentation and is involved in the immune response in autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis). The worldwide incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is high. …”
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