Xixin Decoction’s novel mechanism for alleviating Alzheimer’s disease cognitive dysfunction by modulating amyloid-β transport across the blood–brain barrier to reduce neuroinflamma... by Chaokai Yang, Enlong Zhao, Hu Zhang, Liqi Duan, Xinyue Han, Hongli Ding, Yan Cheng, Dengkun Wang, Dengkun Wang, Dengkun Wang, Xiaojing Lei, Xiaojing Lei, Xiaojing Lei, Yongchang Diwu, Yongchang Diwu, Yongchang Diwu

“…Additionally, XXD upregulated the expression of TREM2, downregulated IBA1, TLR1, TLR2, and CMPK2 expression, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors NLRP3, NF-κB p65, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the hippocampal tissues.ConclusionXXD may exert its effects by regulating the P-gp/ECS axis, the RAGE/LRP1 receptor system, and the expression of MRP2 and Mfsd2a proteins, thereby modulating the transport function of the BBB to expedite the clearance of Aβ, reduce cerebral Aβ accumulation, and consequently inhibit the activation of microglia induced by Aβ aggregation. This process may suppress the activation of the CMPK2/NLRP3 and TLRs/NF-κB pathways, diminish the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, alleviate neuroinflammation associated with microglia in the brain of AD, and ultimately improve AD pathology.…”
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Effect of the Iridoid-rich Fraction from <italic>Valeriana jatamansi</italic> Jones on Oxidative Stress in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury by Jiaojuan HUANG, Wenchun WANG, Deqi XIONG, Hao LU, Wu XIANG, Xiaohua ZHAO, Ruihan ZHOU, Anren ZHANG

“…The results of the HE staining showed that the structure of gray matter and white matter of the spinal cord tissue in the sham-operated group were normal at the perilesional area, the structure of the neurons was also clear, and no significant spinal cord injured was found; compared with the sham-operated group, the spinal cord structure was severely damaged in the model group: the gray matter of the central part of the spinal cord and the white matter of the surrounding part of the spinal cord turned into blur because of injury and a large number of neurons degenerated, a number of nerve cells even appeared necrosis, and the cell structure was seriously destroyed at the same time, and in addition, the nuclear turned into shrinkage or dissolution and passed away, accompanying with varying degrees of neutrophil infiltration and a large number of microglia proliferation; compared with the model group, the spinal cord structure of the treatment group with iridoid-rich fraction from <italic>Valeriana jatamansi</italic> Jones significantly improved, and there were only small areas presenting a neuronal necrosis, a small amount of eosinophils increasing and a small number of eosinophils microglia infiltration in the spinal cord tissue at the perilesional area, and at the same time, the histopathological scores in tissue sections were lower(<italic>P</italic>&lt; 0.05). …”
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The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus by Yiwei Wang, Huanhuan Sha, Leting Zhou, Yinan Chen, Qin Zhou, Hongquan Dong, Yanning Qian

“…Mast cells (MCs) and microglia, two resident immune cells in the brain, together with astrocytes, play critical roles in the progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases. …”
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Systematic Analysis of Environmental Chemicals That Dysregulate Critical Period Plasticity-Related Gene Expression Reveals Common Pathways That Mimic Immune Response to Pathogen by Milo R. Smith, Priscilla Yevoo, Masato Sadahiro, Ben Readhead, Brian Kidd, Joel T. Dudley, Hirofumi Morishita

“…Application of a chemogenomic enrichment analysis and hierarchical clustering across these diverse chemicals identified two clusters of chemicals with one that mimicked an immune response to pathogen, implicating inflammatory pathways and microglia as a common chemically induced neuropathological process. …”
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Acrylamide exposure promotes the progression of depression-like behavior in mice with CUMS via GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by JianFeng Liu, Chenyang Han, Jian Shen, Yingcong Lin, Heping Shen, Genghuan Wang

“…GSDMD knockout (KO) mice and the GSDMD inhibitor LDC7559 were used to inhibit GSDMD. In vitro, primary microglia were used, and AM intervention was applied to detect the levels of cellular inflammatory factors, and fluorescence staining was used to detect GSDMD-NT, and propidium iodide (PI) was used to detect the level of pyroptosis. …”
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Computer modeling of the peculiarities in the interaction of IL-1 with its receptors in schizophrenia by N. Yu. Chasovskikh, A. A. Bobrysheva, E. E. Chizhik

“…Research has demonstrated that inflammatory reactions occurring in microglia can impact the progression of the disease. …”
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Effects of Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells in 3-Acetylpyridine-Lesioned Rats by Lucía Calatrava-Ferreras, Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado, Antonio S. Herranz, Diana Reimers, Teresa Montero Vega, Adriano Jiménez-Escrig, Luis Alberto Richart López, Eulalia Bazán

“…Grafted cells reduced 3-AP-induced neuronal loss promoted the activation of microglia in the brain stem, and prevented the overexpression of GFAP elicited by 3-AP in the cerebellum. …”
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Comparison of chicoric acid, and its metabolites caffeic acid and caftaric acid: In vitro protection of biological macromolecules and inflammatory responses in BV2 microglial cells by Qian Liu, Fan Liu, Liling Zhang, Yajie Niu, Zhigang Liu, Xuebo Liu

“…Keywords: Chicoric acid and its metabolites, Oxidative damage, Biomolecules, Microglia, Inflammation…”
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Therapeutic Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Parkinson’s Disease via Antineuroinflammation and Neuroprotection In Vitro and In Vivo by Chien-Wei Feng, Nan-Fu Chen, Te-Fu Chan, Wu-Fu Chen

“…It enhanced M2 type microglia markers, such as arginase-1 and Ym-1 in BV2 murine microglial cells. …”
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Acid sphingomyelinase modulates anxiety-like behavior likely through toll-like receptor signaling pathway by Huiqi Yuan, Yanan Xu, Hailun Jiang, Meizhu Jiang, Luofei Zhang, Shifeng Wei, Cao Li, Zhigang Zhao

“…Transcriptional profiling combined with bioinformatics analysis revealed the upregulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway related gene including Tlr1/2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl5 and Cd86 in Asm KO mice, which was further confirmed by the detection of activated microglia and astrocytes through iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemical staining. …”
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A Network Pharmacology Study and Experimental Validation to Identify the Potential Mechanism of Heparan Sulfate on Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neuroinflammation by Dong-Uk Kim, Bitna Kweon, Jinyoung Oh, Yebin Lim, Gyeongran Noh, Jihyun Yu, Hyang-Rin Kang, Tackmin Kwon, Kwang youll Lee, Gi-Sang Bae

“…To confirm the predicted results, the anti-inflammatory effect of HS was investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. HS inhibited the production of nittic oxide, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, but not IL-1β. …”
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Extracellular Cardiolipin Modulates Select Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4-Dependent Manner by Taryn E. Murray, Tyler J. Wenzel, Svetlana Simtchouk, Bridget K. Greuel, Julien Gibon, Andis Klegeris

“…Although CL has been shown to modulate several functions of microglia in a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent manner, the effects of extracellular CL on astrocytes are unknown. …”
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Protection of Alzheimer’s disease progression by a human-origin probiotics cocktail by Santosh Kumar Prajapati, Shaohua Wang, Sidharth P Mishra, Shalini Jain, Hariom Yadav

“…Remarkably, feeding mice with 1 × 1011 CFU per day in drinking water for 16 weeks significantly reduced cognitive decline (measured by the Morris Water Maze test) and AD pathology markers, such as Aβ aggregation, microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and preserved blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junctions. …”
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Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Antidepressive Therapy: Shocking Relations by Peter Rotheneichner, Simona Lange, Anna O’Sullivan, Julia Marschallinger, Pia Zaunmair, Christian Geretsegger, Ludwig Aigner, Sebastien Couillard-Despres

“…Following application of electroconvulsive shocks, intricate interactions between neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and microglia activation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the secretion of neurotrophic factors have been documented. …”
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Single-Cell Analyses Reveal Necroptosis’s Potential Role in Neuron Degeneration and Show Enhanced Neuron-Immune Cell Interaction in Parkinson’s Disease Progression by Xiaomei Zeng, Zhifen Han, Kehan Chen, Peng Zeng, Yidan Tang, Lijuan Li

“…Moreover, we carried out cell-cell interaction analyses between cell types and found that microglia (MG)’s interaction strength with glutamatergic neuron (GLU), GABAergic neuron (GABA), and dopaminergic neuron (DA) was significantly upregulated in PD. …”
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Inhibition of Cathepsin S Produces Neuroprotective Effects after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice by Jianguo Xu, Handong Wang, Ke Ding, Xinyu Lu, Tao Li, Jiawei Wang, Chunxi Wang, Jian Wang

“…The increased expression was detected in microglia and neurons. Inhibition of CatS significantly reduced the level of TBI-induced inflammatory factors in brain tissue and alleviated brain edema. …”
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Crisdesalazine alleviates inflammation in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis multiple sclerosis mouse model by regulating the immune system by Su-Min Park, Yong-Hun Oh, Ga-Hyun Lim, Ju-Hyun An, Jin-Hwan Lee, Byoung-Joo Gwag, So-Jung Won, Kyoung-Won Seo, Hwa-Young Youn

“…Abstract Microglia/macrophages participate in the development of and recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and the macrophage M1 (pro-inflammatory)/M2 (anti-inflammatory) phase transition is involved in EAE disease progression. …”
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Cortistatin-14 Exerts Neuroprotective Effect Against Microglial Activation, Blood-brain Barrier Disruption, and Cognitive Impairment in Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy by Qiang Wen, Qian Ding, Jinchao Wang, Yanhua Yin, Shangchen Xu, Yuanrong Ju, Hongsheng Ji, Bin Liu

“…Immunofluorescence was used to examine the morphology and infiltration of microglia. A multiplex cytokine bead array assay was used to determine cytokine and chemokine levels in mouse serum and brain tissues. …”
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Distinct expression profile reveals glia involvement in the trigeminal system attributing to post-traumatic headache by Gurueswar Nagarajan, Yumin Zhang

“…Furthermore, immunohistochemical study revealed a close interaction between activated microglia and reactive astrocytes correlating with increased calretinin interneurons in the Sp5C. …”
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Adenosine A2A Receptors Modulate Acute Injury and Neuroinflammation in Brain Ischemia by Felicita Pedata, Anna Maria Pugliese, Elisabetta Coppi, Ilaria Dettori, Giovanna Maraula, Lucrezia Cellai, Alessia Melani

“…After ischemia the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, that is, microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. …”
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