Lipid droplets in central nervous system and functional profiles of brain cells containing lipid droplets in various diseases by Longxiao Zhang, Yunfei Zhou, Zhongbo Yang, Liangchao Jiang, Xinyang Yan, Wenkai Zhu, Yi Shen, Bolong Wang, Jiaxi Li, Jinning Song

“…This article provides a comprehensive review on the composition of LDs in CNS, their generation and degradation processes, their interaction mechanisms with mitochondria, the distribution among different cell types, and the roles played by these cells—particularly microglia and astrocytes—in various prevalent neurological disorders. …”
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Link between Neuroinflammation and Excitotoxicity by Gabriel Olmos, Jerònia Lladó

“…In pathological conditions, microglia release large amounts of TNF-α; this de novo production of TNF-α is an important component of the so-called neuroinflammatory response that is associated with several neurological disorders. …”
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Characterisation of Pain Responses in the High Fat Diet/Streptozotocin Model of Diabetes and the Analgesic Effects of Antidiabetic Treatments by Frederika Maria Byrne, Sharon Cheetham, Steven Vickers, Victoria Chapman

“…HFD/STZ rats had significantly lower numbers of spinal Iba-1 positive cells (morphologically identified as activated microglia) and spinal GFAP immunofluorescence (a marker of astrogliosis) in the spinal cord at day 50, compared to time-matched controls. …”
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Progress in Therapy Development for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Kalina Venkova-Hristova, Alexandar Christov, Zarine Kamaluddin, Peter Kobalka, Kenneth Hensley

“…It is know appreciated that motor neuron degeneration in ALS requires active (gain of function) and passive (loss of function) events to occur in non-neuronal cells, especially astrocytes and microglia. These neuroinflammatory processes produce paracrine factors that detrimentally affect motor neurons, precipitating protein aggregation and compromising cytoskeletal integrity. …”
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The Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase in the Glioma Microenvironment: Its Biomarker and Therapy Potentials by Seidu A. Richard, Kuugbee D. Eugene

“…The glioma microenvironment is a dynamic component that comprises, besides glioma cells and glioma stem cells, a complex network that comprises diverse cell types like endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia as well as stromal components, soluble factors, and the extracellular membrane. …”
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ECM29/proteasome-mediated self-antigen generation by CNS-resident neuroglia promotes regulatory T cell activation by Sheng-Wen Chen, Ying Chu, Chien-Hsin Chu, Xuan-Dieu Thi Pham, Hang Pong Ng, Chin-Lin Guo, Pei-Lin Cheng

“…Inducible oligodendroglia- or microglia-conditional Ecm29 knockout mice exhibit higher susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) than control counterparts do, coincident with reduced Treg cell populations in the spinal cord. …”
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Spatiotemporal Pattern of Neuroinflammation After Impact-Acceleration Closed Head Injury in the Rat by Servan Rooker, Sebastian Jander, Jos Van Reempts, Guido Stoll, Philippe G. Jorens, Marcel Borgers, Jan Verlooy

“…Immunocytochemically, IL-1β induction was localized to ramified microglia in areas surrounding the primary impact place as well as deeper brain structures. …”
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hUC-MSC extracellular vesicles protect against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination by Shanshan Xiao, Ying Lv, Xuejing Hou, Shuqiang Qu

“…An in vitro oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was used to simulate ischemic conditions in rat primary microglia. Results demonstrated that hUC-MSC-EVs significantly improved neurological outcomes, reduced brain infarction, and decreased microglial activation and pyroptosis. …”
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Hyperreflective Intraretinal Spots in Diabetics without and with Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An In Vivo Study Using Spectral Domain OCT by Stela Vujosevic, Silvia Bini, Giulia Midena, Marianna Berton, Elisabetta Pilotto, Edoardo Midena

“…Initially, HRS are mainly located in the inner retina, where the resident microglia is present. With progressing retinopathy, HRS reach the outer retinal layer. …”
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Transplanted Adult Neural Stem Cells Express Sonic Hedgehog In Vivo and Suppress White Matter Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury by Genevieve M. Sullivan, Regina C. Armstrong

“…In ShhCreERT2;R26tdTomato mice, Shh was primarily expressed in neurons and was not upregulated in reactive astrocytes or microglia after TBI. Corroborating results in Gli1CreERT2;R26tdTomato mice demonstrated that Shh signaling was not upregulated in the corpus callosum, even after TBI or NSC transplantation. …”
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Targeting Oxidative Stress Injury after Ischemic Stroke in Conscious Rats: Limited Benefits with Apocynin Highlight the Need to Incorporate Long Term Recovery by Robert M. Weston, Bin Lin, Gregory J. Dusting, Carli L. Roulston

“…Reduced ROS from activated microglia/macrophages treated with apocynin was associated with reduced Nox2 immunoreactivity without change to the number of cells. …”
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The link between spreading depolarization and innate immunity in the central nervous system by Kadir Oguzhan Soylu, Muge Yemisci, Hulya Karatas

“…Furthermore, the interplay between neurons and glial cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, underscores the intricate nature of neuroinflammation triggered by SD. …”
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Benchmarking Alzheimer’s disease prediction: personalised risk assessment using polygenic risk scores across various methodologies and genome-wide studies by Eftychia Bellou, Woori Kim, Ganna Leonenko, Feifei Tao, Emily Simmonds, Ying Wu, Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren, Oskar Hansson, Michael W. Nagle, Valentina Escott-Price, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

“…Methods We compared the PRS prediction accuracy in ADNI (N = 568) and BioFINDER (N = 766) cohorts using five disease risk modelling approaches, three PRS derivation methods, two AD genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics and two sets of SNPs: the whole genome and microglia-selective regions only. Results The best prediction accuracy was achieved when modelling genetic risk by using two predictors: APOE and remaining PRS (AUC = 0.72–0.76). …”
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Central amygdala neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder by Mariam Melkumyan, Patrick A. Randall, Yuval Silberman

“…Chronic alcohol consumption disrupts neuroimmune signaling, leading to altered cytokine expression and activation of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. These changes contribute to the dysregulation of neural circuits involved in reward and stress, perpetuating alcohol-seeking behavior and relapse. …”
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Trained Innate Immunity by Repeated Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Injections Displays Long-Term Neuroprotective Effects by Xiao-yan Zhou, Rong Gao, Jian Hu, Da-peng Gao, Yan-ling Liao, Jian-jun Yang

“…Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that immune memory occurs in microglia, which has a significant impact on pathological hallmarks of neurological diseases. …”
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Mast Cell Deficiency Protects Mice from Surgery-Induced Neuroinflammation by Xiang Zhang, Hongquan Dong, Fei Wang, Jun Zhang

“…Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, have been recognized to contribute to neuroinflammation. …”
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Biphalin, a Dimeric Enkephalin, Alleviates LPS-Induced Activation in Rat Primary Microglial Cultures in Opioid Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Manners by Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk, Anna Piotrowska, Wioletta Makuch, Joanna Mika

“…Our study provides evidence that biphalin diminishes neuropathy symptoms, which might be partially related to reduced pronociceptive mediators released by activated microglia. Biphalin may be a putative drug for future pain therapy, especially for the treatment of neuropathic pain, when the lower analgesic effects of morphine are correlated with profound microglial cell activation.…”
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New Paradigm in Cell Therapy Using Sperm Head to Restore Brain Function and Structure in Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: Support for Boosting Constructive Inflammation vs. Ant... by Nafiseh Pakravan, Ardeshir Abbasi, Zuhair Mohammad Hassan

“…Alzheimer’s is characterized by accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) associated with insufficient clearance of toxicants from the brain establishing a chronic inflammation and other abnormalities in the brain. Inflammatory microglia and astrocytes along with abnormal lymphatics associated with insufficient clearance of Aβ and other toxicants from the brain establish a chronic inflammation. …”
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Activation of Wnt/β-catenin in neural progenitor cells regulates blood–brain barrier development and promotes neuroinflammation by Dylan J. Sebo, Irshad Ali, Audrey R. Fetsko, Aubrey A. Trimbach, Michael R. Taylor

“…Additionally, we discovered a significant increase in the proliferation of microglia and infiltration of peripheral neutrophils indicative of a stereotypical neuroinflammatory response. …”
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Structural Brain Changes Associated with Overweight and Obesity by Erick Gómez-Apo, Alejandra Mondragón-Maya, Martina Ferrari-Díaz, Juan Silva-Pereyra

“…Adipocytes, macrophages of the adipose tissue, and gut dysbiosis in overweight and obese individuals result in the secretion of the cytokines and chemokines that cross the blood-brain barrier and may stimulate microglia, which in turn also release proinflammatory cytokines. …”
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