Cerebral hypoperfusion reduces tau accumulation by Ghupurjan Gheni, Mitsuru Shinohara, Masami Masuda‐Suzukake, Akihiko Shindo, Atsushi Watanabe, Kaori Kawai, Guojun Bu, Hidekazu Tomimoto, Masato Hasegawa, Naoyuki Sato

“…An animal model demonstrates that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion reduces tau pathology, which was observed in not only neurons but also astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes and microglia were activated in response to tau pathology and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. …”
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A Novel Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Chronic Estrogen Deficiency Leads to Glial Cell Activation and Hypertrophy by Annik Prat, Maik Behrendt, Edwige Marcinkiewicz, Sebastien Boridy, Ram M. Sairam, Nabil G. Seidah, Dusica Maysinger

“…The most prominent changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of these hypoestrogenic mice were marked hypertrophy of both cortical neurons and astrocytes and an increased number of activated microglia. There were no significant differences in the number of Aβ plaques although they appeared less compacted and larger than those in APPsw/PS1Δ9 control mice. …”
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Elevation of High-Mobility Group Protein Box-1 in Serum Correlates with Severity of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Yu Zhou, Kun-Lin Xiong, Sen Lin, Qi Zhong, Feng-Lin Lu, Hong Liang, Jing-Cheng Li, Jing-Zhou Wang, Qing-Wu Yang

“…Meanwhile, heme could stimulate cultured microglia to release large amounts of HMGB1 whereas Fe2+/3+ ions failed to stimulate HMGB1 production from microglia. …”
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EZH2 Mediates miR-146a-5p/HIF-1α to Alleviate Inflammation and Glycolysis after Acute Spinal Cord Injury by Shuangfei Ni, Bo Yang, Lei Xia, Huafeng Zhang

“…EZH2 could mediate inflammation and glycolysis of microglia. EZH2 regulates inflammation and glycolysis through HIF-1α. …”
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Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO by Vidya Narayanaswami PhD, Kenneth Dahl PhD, Vadim Bernard-Gauthier PhD, Lee Josephson PhD, Paul Cumming PhD, Neil Vasdev PhD

“…The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain’s resident macrophages, microglia. Although initiation of an inflammatory response may be beneficial in response to injury of the nervous system, chronic or maladaptive neuroinflammation can have harmful outcomes in many neurological diseases. …”
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Cross-species comparisons between pigs and mice reveal conserved sex-specific intraspinal inflammatory responses after spinal cord injury by Reena Kumari, Gabrielle V. Hammers, Robert H. Hammons, Andrew N. Stewart, Steven M. MacLean, Tracy Niedzielko, Lonnie E. Schneider, Candace L. Floyd, John C. Gensel

“…No differences were seen for astrocytes, microglia, macrophages, B-cells, and neutrophil infiltration between males and females. …”
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Role of Scavenger Receptors in Glia-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Response Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease by Francisca Cornejo, Rommy von Bernhardi

“…It is widely accepted that cells serving immune functions in the brain, namely, microglia and astrocytes, are important mediators of pathological phenomena observed in Alzheimer’s disease. …”
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Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview by Benjamin Maïer, Nathalie Kubis

“…Here, we sought to review the impact of isolated hypertension or hypertension associated to stroke on brain atrophy, neuron connectivity and neurogenesis, and phenotype modification of microglia and astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the impact of antihypertensive therapies on cell responses to hypertension and functional recovery. …”
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The Involvement of Microglial Cells in Japanese Encephalitis Infections by Thananya Thongtan, Chutima Thepparit, Duncan R. Smith

“…The virus is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes, and, while the majority of human infections are asymptomatic, up to 30% of JE cases admitted to hospital die and 50% of the survivors suffer from neurological sequelae. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages that play key roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS and are thus of importance in determining the pathology of encephalitis as a result of JEV infection.…”
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Intranigral Administration of β-Sitosterol-β-D-Glucoside Elicits Neurotoxic A1 Astrocyte Reactivity and Chronic Neuroinflammation in the Rat Substantia Nigra by Claudia Luna-Herrera, Irma A. Martínez-Dávila, Luis O. Soto-Rojas, Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez, Manuel A. Fernandez-Parrilla, Jose Ayala-Davila, Bertha A. León-Chavez, Guadalupe Soto-Rodriguez, Victor M. Blanco-Alvarez, Francisco E. Lopez-Salas, Maria E. Gutierrez-Castillo, Bismark Gatica-Garcia, America Padilla-Viveros, Cecilia Bañuelos, David Reyes-Corona, Armando J. Espadas-Alvarez, Linda Garcés-Ramírez, Oriana Hidalgo-Alegria, Fidel De La Cruz-lópez, Daniel Martinez-Fong

“…Immunoreactivity of activated microglia (899.0±80.20%) and reactive astrocytes (651.50±11.28%) progressively increased until day 30 and then decreased to remain 251.2±48.8% (microglia) and 91.02±39.8 (astrocytes) higher over controls on day 120. …”
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Mis-localization of endogenous TDP-43 leads to ALS-like early-stage metabolic dysfunction and progressive motor deficits by Yiying Hu, Alexander Hruscha, Chenchen Pan, Martina Schifferer, Michael K. Schmidt, Brigitte Nuscher, Martin Giera, Sarantos Kostidis, Özge Burhan, Frauke van Bebber, Dieter Edbauer, Thomas Arzberger, Christian Haass, Bettina Schmid

“…Phenotypic characterization of motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction was performed by immunostaining, microglia were immunohistochemically localized by whole-mount tissue clearing and muscle ultrastructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. …”
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Mechanism of Electroacupuncture on Neuropathic Pain via Regulation of CD137L in Hippocampal Glia by ZHENG Changyue, LAN Yanyan, HUANG Qiuling, JIANG Menghong, WANG Zhifu

“…Immunofluorescence was used for the cellular localization of CD137L and receptor CD137, and to measure the Iba-1 and GFAP expression in hippocampal CA1 region.Results1) Compared with the sham operation group, mechanical pain threshold and new object recognition index in the model group significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01); compared with the model group, mechanical pain threshold and new object recognition index in the electroacupuncture group significantly increased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01). 2) Compared with the sham operation group, the concentrations of CD137L, Iba-1, GFAP and TNF-α in hippocampus of rats in the model group significantly increased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01), and the number of positive Iba-1 and GFAP immune reactions significantly increased (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01); compared with the model group, the concentrations of CD137L, Iba-1, GFAP and TNF-α in hippocampus of rats in the electroacupuncture group significantly decreased (all <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05), and the number of positive immune reactions of Iba-1 and GFAP significantly decreased (all <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01). 3) Immunofluorescence detection showed that CD137L and its receptor CD137 were significantly co-expressed with microglia marker (Iba-1) and astrocyte marker (GFAP) in hippocampal CA1 region, suggesting that CD137L and CD137 were mainly expressed in microglia and astrocytes, but not in neurons.ConclusionElectroacupuncture may play an analgesic role by reducing the expression of glial CD137L, the amount of activated glial cells and the concentrations of TNF-α.…”
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Bioinformatics insights into mitochondrial and immune gene regulation in Alzheimer's disease by Tian Meng, Yazhou Zhang, Yuan Ye, Hui Li, Yongsheng He

“…Abstract Background There is growing evidence that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is closely linked to the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, including microglia and astrocytes. Mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia has also been reported to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AD and other neurological diseases. …”
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Infiltration of Blood-Derived Macrophages Contributes to the Development of Diabetic Neuropathy by Jing-Jing Sun, Lin Tang, Xiao-Pei Zhao, Jun-Mei Xu, Yang Xiao, Hui Li

“…The number of CD11b-positive microglia/macrophages gradually increased over the 28 days of testing after STZ injection, and a significant increase was observed on Day 14 (P<0.01) and 28 (P<0.01). …”
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The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity by Kathryn M. Madalena, Jessica K. Lerch

“…Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. …”
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Intranasal <i>N</i>-Acetyl-L-Cysteine with Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Modified Polymer Micelles on Neuropathic Pain in Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation Mice by Hiroshi Nango, Ai Takahashi, Naoto Suzuki, Takumi Kurano, Saia Sakamoto, Taiki Nagatomo, Toyofumi Suzuki, Takanori Kanazawa, Yasuhiro Kosuge, Hiroko Miyagishi

“…Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased number of Iba-1-stained microglia in the ipsilateral spinal cord of PSNL mice, which were significantly suppressed by the administration of NAC/PPT. …”
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Cell-specific transcriptional signatures of vascular cells in Alzheimer’s disease: perspectives, pathways, and therapeutic directions by Soumilee Chaudhuri, Minyoung Cho, Julia C. Stumpff, Paula J. Bice, Özkan İş, Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner, Andrew J. Saykin, Kwangsik Nho

“…In addition, crosstalk within the NVU and gliovascular unit (GVU) is altered in AD, with altered cell-cell communication evident, with increased interactions between endothelial cells, pericytes, neurons, and microglia, and decreased interactions between endothelial cells, fibroblasts, astrocytes, and neurons. …”
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Emerging Roles of Immune Cells in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction by Yue Liu, Yiqing Yin

“…Neurons in the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning and memory, can be damaged by cytokines transmitted to the brain parenchyma. Microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages, mast cells, and T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) can be activated to secrete more cytokines, further aggravating neuroinflammation after surgery. …”
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Differential Cannabinoid Receptor Expression during Reactive Gliosis: a Possible Implication for a Nonpsychotropic Neuroprotection by Daniele De Filippis, Antonio Steardo, Alessandra D'Amico, Caterina Scuderi, Mariateresa Cipriano, Giuseppe Esposito, Teresa Iuvone

“…Activated microglia and astrocytes produce a large number of inflammatory and neurotoxic substances in various brain pathologies, above all during neurodegenerative disorders. …”
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The Role of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Chronic Neuroinflammation by Ekta Bajwa, Caitlin B. Pointer, Andis Klegeris

“…Mitochondrial DAMPs have been shown to initiate proinflammatory immune responses from nonneuronal glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes; thereby, they have the potential to contribute to the chronic neuroinflammation present in these disorders accelerating the degeneration of neurons. …”
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