Discussion of irritable bowel syndrome issue and functional constipations in reports of the 21st United European Gastroenterological Week (Berlin, 2013) by A. A. Sheptulin, M. A. Vizye-Khripunova

“…Of etiological and pathogenic factors of IBS the major attention is given now to hereditary factors, past intestinal infections, bile acids absorbtion disorders, changes of innate immune system. Differential diagnostics of IBS with other diseases (celiac sprue, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, et al.), that may progress under a mask of the functional intestinal disorders is required. …”
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Peptidoglycan and Bacterial DNA Induce Inflammation and Coagulation Markers in Synergy by Marie-Claude Amoureux, Nandani Rajapakse, Lazlo Stipkovits, Susan Szathmary

“…Bacterial compounds signal the presence of foreign pathogens in the innate immune system. These microbial components are key players in infectious diseases and implicate toll-like receptors in the activation of inflammation and coagulation. …”
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TLR2 and TLR4 in the Brain Injury Caused by Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion by Ying Wang, Pengfei Ge, Yuhong Zhu

“…Toll-like receptors are a type of transmembrane proteins, which can recognize either exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns or endogenous stress or damage-associated molecular patterns in the innate immune system and initiate inflammatory responses. …”
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TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story by Valérie Lannoy, Anthony Côté-Biron, Claude Asselin, Nathalie Rivard

“…They act as microbial sensors, playing major roles in the regulation of the innate immune system. TLRs mediate their cellular functions through the activation of MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent signaling pathways. …”
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents by Danielle Minns, Katie Jane Smith, Emily Gwyer Findlay

“…We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.…”
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Anopheles gambiae phagocytic hemocytes promote Plasmodium falciparum infection by regulating midgut epithelial integrity by Victor Cardoso-Jaime, George Dimopoulos

“…Abstract For successful transmission, the malaria parasite must traverse tissue epithelia and survive attack from the insect’s innate immune system. Hemocytes play a multitude of roles in mosquitoes, including defense against invading pathogens. …”
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The Memories of NK Cells: Innate-Adaptive Immune Intrinsic Crosstalk by Sara Gabrielli, Claudio Ortolani, Genny del Zotto, Francesca Luchetti, Barbara Canonico, Flavia Buccella, Marco Artico, Stefano Papa, Loris Zamai

“…Although NK cells are considered part of the innate immune system, a series of evidences has demonstrated that they possess characteristics typical of the adaptive immune system. …”
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Heat Shock Proteins in Tendinopathy: Novel Molecular Regulators by Neal L. Millar, George A. C. Murrell

“…Heat shock proteins, also called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are rapidly released following nonprogrammed cell death, are key effectors of the innate immune system, and critically restore homeostasis by promoting the reconstruction of the effected tissue. …”
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Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Anouk Waeytens, Martine De Vos, Debby Laukens

“…Recent studies underscore the importance of the damaged epithelial barrier and the dysregulated innate immune system in their pathogenesis. …”
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Toll-Like Receptors in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion and Transplantation by John Evankovich, Timothy Billiar, Allan Tsung

“…The TLRs play central roles in sensing tissue damage and activating the innate immune system following I/R. Engagement of TLRs by endogenous DAMPs activates proinflammatory signaling pathways leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines and further release of endogenous danger signals. …”
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Association of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Reactive Oxygen Species: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Posttrauma Acute Lung Injury by Meng Xiang, Janet Fan, Jie Fan

“…Hemorrhagic shock (HS) that results from major trauma promotes the development of SIRS and ALI by priming the innate immune system for an exaggerated inflammatory response. …”
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Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment by Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Pendru Raghunath, Long Chiau Ming, Jodi Woan-Fei Law

“…Although having common ancestry and highly similar in genetic makeup, M. ulcerans and M. marinum have differential impacts on the host innate immune system. In term pathogenesis, prolonged cell exposure to exotoxin mycolactone produced by M. ulcerans could lead to Buruli ulcer. …”
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Peptide with Dual Roles in Immune and Metabolic Regulation: Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide-2 (LEAP-2) by Yitong Li, Ying Liu, Meng Gou

“…Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) was originally discovered as an antimicrobial peptide that plays a vital role in the host innate immune system of various vertebrates. Recent research discovered LEAP-2 as an endogenous antagonist and inverse agonist of the GHSR1a receptor. …”
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Resistify: A Novel NLR Classifier That Reveals Helitron-Associated NLR Expansion in Solanaceae by Moray Smith, John T Jones, Ingo Hein

“…Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are a key component of the plant innate immune system. In plant genomes, NLRs exhibit considerable presence/absence variation and sequence diversity. …”
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The role of high-density lipoproteins in sepsis by Liam R. Brunham

“…Collectively, these data raise the intriguing possibility that a clinically important biological function of HDL is as a component of the innate immune system and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of HDL may be a strategy to reduce the organ dysfunction and death that results from uncontrolled inflammation during sepsis. …”
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Innate Immune Cells in Liver Inflammation by Evaggelia Liaskou, Daisy V. Wilson, Ye H. Oo

“…Innate immune system is the first line of defence against invading pathogens that is critical for the overall survival of the host. …”
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Diverse Roles of Inhibitor of Differentiation 2 in Adaptive Immunity by Lucille Rankin, Gabrielle T. Belz

“…While its role in early lymphopoiesis has been well characterized, new roles in adaptive immune responses have recently been uncovered opening exciting new directions for investigation. In the innate immune system, Id2 is required for the development of mature natural killer (NK) cells, lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) cells, and the recently identified interleukin (IL)-22 secreting nonconventional innate lymphocytes found in the gut. …”
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The Interplay of Renin-Angiotensin System and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Inflammation of Diabetic Nephropathy by Qi Feng, Dongwei Liu, Yanfang Lu, Zhangsuo Liu

“…Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the most deeply studied pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system, and its activation has been reported to mediate the development of DN. …”
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Terminal Complement Pathway Deficiency in an Adult Patient with Meningococcal Sepsis by F. Staels, W. Meersseman, P. Stordeur, K. Willekens, S. Van Loo, A. Corveleyn, I. Meyts, G. Meyfroidt, R. Schrijvers

“…The complement system is an essential part of our innate immune system. Three enzymatic activation pathways are described, all converging into a common terminal pathway which causes lysis of the target cell. …”
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The Role of TOX in the Development of Innate Lymphoid Cells by Corey R. Seehus, Jonathan Kaye

“…Recently, we have identified a broader role for TOX in the innate immune system, demonstrating that this nuclear protein is required for generation of bone marrow progenitors that have potential to give rise to all innate lymphoid cells. …”
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