PMMB COVID-19 Bulletin: Spain (18th April 2020) by Hooi-Leng Ser, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Jodi Woan-Fei Law, Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Learn-Han Lee

“…Zooming into European countries, Spain is no stranger to coronavirus-related pandemics, given that this country was the first to publicly report the 1918 flu pandemic caused by the H1N1 coronavirus. Unfortunately enough, Spain is once again not spared from the current ordeal, recording the highest confirmed cases of COVID-19 (diseased caused by SARSCoV-2) in Europe, with cumulative cases of 190,839 and 20,002 deaths. …”
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Influenza A Virus and Influenza B Virus Can Induce Apoptosis via Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathways and Also via NF-κB in a Time and Dose Dependent Manner by Ibrahim El-Sayed, Khalid Bassiouny, Aziz Nokaly, Ahmed S. Abdelghani, Wael Roshdy

“…To identify host response to influenza A and B viruses on A549 and MDCK II cells at low and high MOIs, expressions of MxA and caspases 3, 8, and 9 and BAD, TNFα, and IκBα genes were measured in the cells supernatants. H1N1 and H3N2 prefer to initially enhance the intrinsic pathway, determined by higher caspase 9 activity in MDCK II cells compared to caspase 8 activity and vice versa in A549 cells at different MOIs, while INF B prefers extrinsic pathway in A549 cells according to significant low or undetectable caspase 9 activity and high activity of caspase 8 but also can induce intrinsic pathway in MDCK II cells as determined by significant low or undetectable activity of caspase 8 and high caspase 9 activity at different MOIs; the considerable MxA expression was found in influenza A and B viruses infected A549 and MDCK II cells at low MOIs. …”
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Treated Follicular Lymphoma, Recurrent Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Nonresponsiveness to Vaccination, and a Unique Pneumococcus by Clare Murphy, Donald Inverarity, Claire McGoldrick, Lindsay Mitchell, Pamela Paterson, Louise Thom, Giles Edwards

“…A nonneutropenic patient with treated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s (Follicular) lymphoma and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia recovered from pneumococcal pneumonia and septicemia (serotype 7F; ST191) subsequent to influenza A H1N1 (2009). Both infections were potentially vaccine preventable. …”
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The Rise of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and the Role of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Management of Infections by Keneth Iceland, Kasozi

“…For treatment, convalescent plasma therapy, successfully deployed during recent Ebola outbreaks and for H1N1 influenza, can increase survival rates and improve host responses to viral challenge. …”
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Enhanced biocidal efficacy of alcohol based disinfectants with salt additives by Euna Oh, Hyerin Shin, Sumin Han, Soo Jee Do, Younseo Shin, Ji Hee Pi, Youngjin Kim, Dae-Hong Ko, Kyu Hyoung Lee, Hyo-Jick Choi

“…Specifically, the disinfection capability of the isopropanol (IPA) and ethanol (EtOH) solutions containing NaCl salts was evaluated by measuring (1) antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), and an alcohol-tolerant strain of E. coli; (2) sporicidal activity against Clostridioides difficile; (3) the antiviral activity against enveloped A/PR8/34 H1N1 influenza virus and non-enveloped adenovirus VR-5; and (4) the antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans from the time-dependent viability assays. …”
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Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Human Bocaviruses Detected in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections in Bulgaria by Neli Korsun, Svetla Angelova, Ivelina Trifonova, Silvia Voleva, Iliana Grigorova, Iren Tzotcheva, Sirma Mileva, Penka Perenovska

“…HBoV was identified in 98 (5.3%) patients and was the 6th most prevalent virus after respiratory-syncytial virus (20.4%), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (11.1%), A(H3N2) (10.5%), rhinoviruses (9.9%), and adenoviruses (6.8%). …”
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Influenza and Bacterial Pathogen Coinfections in the 20th Century by Xuan-Yi Wang, Paul E. Kilgore, Kyung Ah Lim, Song-Mei Wang, Jeongseok Lee, Wei Deng, Mei-Qi Mo, Batmunkh Nyambat, Jing-Chen Ma, Michael O. Favorov, John D. Clemens

“…These results suggest that bacterial pathogens will play a key role in many countries, as the H1N1(A) influenza pandemic moves forward. Given the role of bacterial coinfections during influenza epidemics and pandemics, the conduct of well-designed field evaluations of public health measures to reduce the burden of these common bacterial pathogens and influenza in at-risk populations is warranted.…”
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Bee Venom—A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Keneth Iceland, Kasozi, Simon Peter, Musinguzi

“…BV anti-inflammatory properties are associated with melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), both of which show activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including H1N1 and HIV, with activity mediated through antagonist activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-g (IFN-g), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). …”
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hnRNPH1 Inhibits Influenza Virus Replication by Binding Viral RNA by Ruixue Xue, Danqi Bao, Tianxin Ma, Shiqi Niu, Zihua Wu, Xuehua Lv, Yunxiang Zhang, Guanlong Xu, Dawei Yan, Zhifei Zhang, Xue Pan, Minghao Yan, Qiaoyang Teng, Chunxiu Yuan, Zejun Li, Qinfang Liu

“…The results showed that the host hnRNPH1 inhibits the replication of H1N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses by restraining the polymerase activity of viruses. hnRNPH1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1) and RRM2. …”
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Cross-protection against homo and heterologous influenza viruses via intranasal administration of an HA chimeric multiepitope nanoparticle vaccine by Yongqiang Zhao, Jia Liu, Chun Peng, Shuangshuang Guo, Bo Wang, Longping Chen, Yating Wang, Haiwen Tang, Liming Liu, Qi Pan, Shiren Li, Jingyu Wang, Dongni Yang, Enqi Du

“…Intranasal vaccination with CHM-f nanoparticles elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses, conferring complete protection against a variety of IAVs, including the A/PR8/34 H1N1 strain, the swine flu H3N2 strain, the avian flu H5N8 strain, and H9N2. …”
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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic measures on hospitalizations and epidemiological patterns of twelve respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory infections in southern Chin... by Wei Wang, Xiaojuan Luo, Zhenmin Ren, Xiaoying Fu, Yunsheng Chen, WenJian Wang, Yanmin Bao, Yuejie Zheng, Ke Cao, Jiehua Chen

“…RSV showed out-of-season epidemics for two consecutive years. Influenza A (H1N1), Influenza A (H3N2), and InfB lost their seasonal patterns during Phase 1 but reemerged and regained their seasonal characteristics in 2023–2024. …”
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The Rise of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and the Role of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Management of Infections by Mohamed, Moubarak, Keneth Iceland, Kasozi, Helal F., Hetta, Hazem M., Shaheen, Abdur, Rauf, Hayder M., Al-kuraishy, Safaa, Qusti, Eida M., Alshammari, Emmanuel Tiyo, Ayikobua, Fred, Ssempijja, Adam Moyosore, Afodun, Ritah, Kenganzi, Ibe Michael, Usman, Juma John, Ochieng, Lawrence Obado, Osuwat, Kevin, Matama, Ali I., Al-Gareeb, Emmanuel, Kairania, Monica, Musenero, Susan, Christina Welburn, Gaber, El-Saber Batiha

“…For treatment, convalescent plasma therapy, successfully deployed during recent Ebola outbreaks and for H1N1 influenza, can increase survival rates and improve host responses to viral challenge. …”
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Targets of influenza human T-cell response are mostly conserved in H5N1 by John Sidney, A-Reum Kim, Rory D. de Vries, Bjoern Peters, Philip S. Meade, Florian Krammer, Alba Grifoni, Alessandro Sette

“…Based on these observations, and the overall similarity of the neuraminidase (NA) N1 subtype encoded in both HPAI and seasonal H1N1 influenza virus as well as cross-reactive group 1 HA stalk-reactive antibodies, we expect that a degree of pre-existing immunity is present in the general human population that could blunt the severity of human H5N1 infections.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) cause pandemics that can result in millions of deaths. …”
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Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Expressing Hemagglutinin Stem Region with Autophagy-Inducing Peptide Confers Cross-Protection Against Group 1 and 2 Influenza A Viruses by Wen-Chien Wang, Ekramy E. Sayedahmed, Marwa Alhashimi, Ahmed Elkashif, Vivek Gairola, Muralimanohara S. T. Murala, Suryaprakash Sambhara, Suresh K. Mittal

“…Among the tested combinations, Ad vectors expressing SP + HA stem + AIP-C5 conferred significant protection against group 1 (H1N1 and H5N1) and group 2 (H3N2) influenza A viruses. …”
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Rapid aging of influenza epidemics in China from 2005/06 to 2016/17: A population-based study by Weibo Tang, Hao Lei, Nan Zhang, Yaojing Wang, Shimeng Cai, Shuyi Ji, Lei Yang, Mengya Yang, Can Chen, Shigui Yang, Dayan Wang, Yuelong Shu

“…The aging of patients infected with influenza B/Yamagata was the most rapid, with a mean age increase of 0.73 years per year, followed by those infected with influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2). Conversely, there was no significant increase in the mean age of patients infected with influenza B/Victoria. …”
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Hospital-Based Surveillance of Respiratory Viruses Among Children Under Five Years of Age with ARI and SARI in Eastern UP, India by Hirawati Deval, Mitali Srivastava, Neha Srivastava, Niraj Kumar, Aman Agarwal, Varsha Potdar, Anita Mehta, Bhoopendra Sharma, Rohit Beniwal, Rajeev Singh, Amresh Kumar Singh, Vivek Gaur, Mahima Mittal, Gaurav Raj Dwivedi, Sthita Pragnya Behera, Asif Kavathekar, Sanjay Prajapati, Sachin Yadav, Dipti Gautam, Nalin Kumar, Asif Iqbal, Rajni Kant, Manoj Murhekar

“…Out of 943 samples tested, the highest positivity was found for parainfluenza virus [105 (11.13%) PIV-1 (79), PIV-2 (18), PIV-4 (18)], followed by adenovirus [82 (8.7%), RSV-B, [68 (7.21%)], influenza-A [46(4.9%): H1N1 = 29, H3N2 = 14), SARS CoV-2 [28 (3%)], hMPV [13(1.4%), RSV-A [4 (0.42%), and influenza-B (Victoria lineage) 1 (0.10%). …”
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Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S co-administered with a quadrivalent standard-dose or high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine: a non-inferiority randomised co... by Gabriela Tapia-Calle, Gloria Aguilar, Nathalie Vaissiere, Carla Truyers, Pedro Ylisastigui, Erik Buntinx, Mathieu Le Gars, Frank Struyf, Gert Scheper, Macaya Douoguih, Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú, Robert Patrizi, Wai Ling, Sanne de Ridder, Marit de Groot, Maria Grazia Pau, Gerald Weidinger, Srividya Pradeep, Nadine Salisch, Sophie Cambre

“…Findings: Non-inferiority criteria for concomitant administration in the SD groups were met for SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific antibodies (ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.97–1.26) and haemagglutinin inhibition titres for all influenza strains (A/H3N2 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.45; B/Victoria 0.99, 95% CI 0.84–1.19; B/Yamagata, 1.03, 95% CI 0.88–1.21) except A/H1N1 (1.28, 95% CI 1.09–1.53) for which the upper limit of the 95% CI was >1.5. …”
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Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review by Brian Hutton, David Moher, Danielle B Rice, Claire Butler, Andrea C Tricco, Becky Skidmore, Candyce Hamel, Chantelle Garritty, Paul A Khan, Marco Ghassemi, Charlene Soobiah, Leila Esmaeilisaraji, Dianna M Wolfe, Deshayne Fell, Mona Hersi, Nadera Ahmadzai, Alan Michaud, Angela Sinilaite

“…Twenty-nine studies (24 cohort and 5 case–control) evaluated seasonal influenza vaccination (trivalent and/or quadrivalent) versus no vaccination and were the focus of our prioritised syntheses; 34 studies of pandemic vaccines (2009 A/H1N1 and others), combinations of pandemic and seasonal vaccines, and seasonal versus seasonal vaccines were also reviewed. …”
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Delivery of dendritic cells targeting 3M2e-HA2 nanoparticles with a CpG adjuvant via lysosomal escape of Salmonella enhances protection against H9N2 avian influenza virus by Futing Jia, Wenfeng Wang, Yawen Tian, Ainul Zahra, Yingkai He, Chongbo Ge, Tongyu Zhang, Mingyue Wang, Jingshuo Gong, Gerui Zhang, Guilian Yang, Wentao Yang, Chunwei Shi, Jianzhong Wang, Haibin Huang, Xin Cao, Yang Zeng, Nan Wang, Zhannan Wang, Chunfeng Wang, Yanlong Jiang

“…HA2, the neck of the HA protein, and M2e, the extracellular N-terminal structural domain of the M2 protein, are conserved and effective protective antigens.In this study, the HA2 sequences were fused with three M2e copies (H9N2, H1N1 and H5N1) to the norovirus VP1 protein via the SpyTag-SpyCatcher platform to form self-assembled nanoparticles and display antigenic proteins on its surface, yielding pYL262. …”
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