A Short Report on the Markov Property of DNA Sequences on 200-bp Genomic Units of ENCODE/Broad ChromHMM Annotations: A Computational Perspective by Hyun-Seok Park

“…The non-coding DNA in eukaryotic genomes encodes a language which programs chromatin accessibility, transcription factor binding, and various other activities. …”
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The Bacterial Type III Secretion System as a Broadly Applied Protein Delivery Tool in Biological Sciences by Liyu Jia, Lihua Zhu

“…The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a nano-machine that allows Gram-negative bacteria to alter eukaryotic host biology by directly delivering effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm. …”
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The Transcribed-Ultraconserved Regions: A Novel Class of Long Noncoding RNAs Involved in Cancer Susceptibility by Paola Scaruffi

“…During recent years, novel approaches and new technologies have revealed a startling level of complexity of higher eukaryotes' transcriptome. A large proportion of the transcriptional output is represented by protein noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that arise from the “dark matter” of the genome. …”
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Structures and mechanisms of the RNA m⁶A writer by Deng Ting, Ma Jinbiao

“…N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most prevalent epigenetic modification found in eukaryotic mRNAs and plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression by influencing numerous aspects of mRNA metabolism. …”
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IQGAP Family Members in Yeast, Dictyostelium, and Mammalian Cells by Katie B. Shannon

“…IQGAPs are found in eukaryotic cells from yeast to human, and localize to actin-containing structures such as lamellipodia, membrane ruffles, cell-cell adhesions, phagocytic cups, and the actomyosin ring formed during cytokinesis. …”
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The S-Layer Glycome—Adding to the Sugar Coat of Bacteria by Robin Ristl, Kerstin Steiner, Kristof Zarschler, Sonja Zayni, Paul Messner, Christina Schäffer

“…Typically, bacterial S-layer glycans are O-glycosidically linked to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues, and they rely on a much wider variety of constituents, glycosidic linkage types, and structures than their eukaryotic counterparts. As the S-layer glycome of several bacteria is unravelling, a picture of how S-layer glycoproteins are biosynthesized is evolving. …”
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Coleopteran Antimicrobial Peptides: Prospects for Clinical Applications by Monde Ntwasa, Akira Goto, Shoichiro Kurata

“…Although coleopterans comprise the largest and most diverse order of eukaryotes and occupy an earlier branch than Drosophila in the holometabolous lineage of insects, their immune system has not been studied extensively. …”
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Discovery of Evolutionary Loss of the Ubiquitin-like Autophagy-Related ATG12 System in a Lineage of Apicomplexa by Xiaoxia X. Lin, Yun D. Bai, Sichang T. Wang, Akira Nozawa, Tatsuya Sawasaki, Tatsunori Masatani, Kenji Hikosaka, Masahito Asada, Hirokazu Sakamoto

“…The autophagy-related ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the ATG8 and ATG12 systems, are universally conserved in eukaryotes. However, the covalent bond in the ATG12 system has recently been shown to be evolutionarily lost in Apicomplexa. …”
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Characterization of extracellular vesicles by capillary zone electrophoresis: A novel concept for characterization of a next-generation drug delivery platform by Aleksandra Steć, Andrea Heinz, Szymon Dziomba

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a part of a cell-to-cell communication system of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Their ability to penetrate biological barriers and to transfer molecules between cells shows their potential as a novel class of drug delivery platform. …”
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Overexpression of a Vesicle Trafficking Gene, OsRab7, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Rice by Xiaojue Peng, Xia Ding, Tianfang Chang, Zhoulong Wang, Rong Liu, Xin Zeng, Yaohui Cai, Youlin Zhu

“…Rab7 is a small GTP-binding protein that is distributed widely among eukaryotes. Endocytic trafficking mediated by Rab7 plays an important role in animal and yeast cells, but the current understanding of Rab7 in plants is still very limited. …”
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Distribution of the four type VI secretion systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and classification of their core and accessory effectors by Antonia Habich, Verónica Chaves Vargas, Luca A. Robinson, Luke P. Allsopp, Daniel Unterweger

“…Abstract Bacterial type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are puncturing molecular machines that transport effector proteins to kill microbes, manipulate eukaryotic cells, or facilitate nutrient uptake. How and why T6SS machines and effectors differ within a species is not fully understood. …”
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Cytological and biochemical markers of autophagy in wheat suspension culture cells under abiotic stress by A.B. Mazina, S.A. Dmitrieva, A.G. Renkova, J.N. Valitova, V.R. Khabibrakhmanova, F.V. Minibayeva

“…Autophagy is a highly conserved process of intracellular degradation of damaged, oxidized or excess macromolecules and organelles in eukaryotic cells. Under optimal conditions, the baseline level of autophagy is low. …”
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Functions and applications of RNA interference and small regulatory RNAs by Feng Xuezhu, Guang Shouhong

“…Small regulatory RNAs play a variety of crucial roles in eukaryotes, influencing gene regulation, developmental timing, antiviral defense, and genome integrity via a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). …”
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Autophagy: More Than a Nonselective Pathway by Fulvio Reggiori, Masaaki Komatsu, Kim Finley, Anne Simonsen

“…Autophagy is a catabolic pathway conserved among eukaryotes that allows cells to rapidly eliminate large unwanted structures such as aberrant protein aggregates, superfluous or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. …”
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DNA Polymerase e - More Than a Polymerase by Helmut Pospiech, Juhani E. Syväoja

“…Together with DNA polymerases a and d, this enzyme replicates the nuclear DNA in the eukaryotic cell. During this process, DNA polymerase a lays down RNA-DNA primers that are utilized by DNA polymerases d and e for the bulk DNA synthesis. …”
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Artificial cells with all-aqueous droplet-in-droplet structures for spatially separated transcription and translation by Kanji Tomohara, Yoshihiro Minagawa, Hiroyuki Noji

“…Here, we develop artificial cells with all-aqueous droplet-in-droplet structures that separate transcription and translation processes like the nucleus and cytosol in eukaryotic cells. This architecture uses protein-based inner droplets and aqueous two-phase outer compartments, stabilized by colloidal emulsifiers. …”
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The Role of Autophagy in Erectile Dysfunction by Changjing Wu, Yang Xiong, Fudong Fu, Fuxun Zhang, Feng Qin, Jiuhong Yuan

“…Autophagy is a conservative lysosome-dependent material catabolic pathway, and exists in all eukaryotic cells. Autophagy controls cell quality and survival by eliminating intracellular dysfunction substances, and plays an important role in various pathophysiology processes. …”

A hammerhead ribozyme selects mechanically stable conformations for catalysis against viral RNA by Man Lu, Zhiqiang Cao, Luoan Xiong, Hongying Deng, Kangkang Ma, Ning Liu, Yanding Qin, Shen-Bo Chen, Jun-Hu Chen, Yao Li, Yijin Liu, Zhongbo Yu

“…Abstract Ribozymes, widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, target nucleic acids and can be engineered as biotechnical tools or for gene regulation or immune therapy. …”
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Biosynthesis and Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Cell Surface Structures of Archaea with a Focus on Flagella and S Layers by Ken F. Jarrell, Gareth M. Jones, Divya B. Nair

“…The N-linked glycosylation system is not essential for any of M. voltae, M. maripaludis, or H. volcanii, as demonstrated by the successful isolation of mutants carrying deletions in the oligosaccharyltransferase gene aglB (a homologue of the eukaryotic Stt3 subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex). …”
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Communication between DNA polymerases and Replication Protein A within the archaeal replisome by Markel Martínez-Carranza, Léa Vialle, Clément Madru, Florence Cordier, Ayten Dizkirici Tekpinar, Ahmed Haouz, Pierre Legrand, Rémy A. Le Meur, Patrick England, Rémi Dulermo, J. Iñaki Guijarro, Ghislaine Henneke, Ludovic Sauguet

“…This study provides a molecular understanding of the WH-mediated regulatory activity in central replication factors such as RPA, which regulate genome maintenance in Archaea and Eukaryotes.…”
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