Combating Osteoarthritis through Stem Cell Therapies by Rejuvenating Cartilage: A Review by Navneet Kumar Dubey, Viraj Krishna Mishra, Rajni Dubey, Shabbir Syed-Abdul, Joseph R. Wang, Peter D. Wang, Win-Ping Deng

“…The poor self-healing ability of articular cartilage due to limited regeneration in chondrocytes further adversely affects the osteoarthritic microenvironment. …”
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Articular Cartilage Repair Using Marrow Stimulation Augmented with a Viable Chondral Allograft: 9-Month Postoperative Histological Evaluation by James K. Hoffman, Sandra Geraghty, Nicole M. Protzman

“…The chondral allograft is comprised of native viable chondrocytes, chondrogenic growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins within the superficial, transitional, and radial zones of hyaline cartilage. …”
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Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair: Preclinical Studies and Insights in Translational Animal Models and Outcome Measures by Melissa Lo Monaco, Greet Merckx, Jessica Ratajczak, Pascal Gervois, Petra Hilkens, Peter Clegg, Annelies Bronckaers, Jean-Michel Vandeweerd, Ivo Lambrichts

“…Due to the restricted intrinsic capacity of resident chondrocytes to regenerate the lost cartilage postinjury, stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach for cartilage repair. …”
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A 3D Porous Gelatin-Alginate-Based-IPN Acts as an Efficient Promoter of Chondrogenesis from Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Sorina Dinescu, Bianca Galateanu, Eugen Radu, Anca Hermenean, Adriana Lungu, Izabela Cristina Stancu, Dana Jianu, Tudorita Tumbar, Marieta Costache

“…These data suggest that our G-A-PAA structural properties and formulation might enable hADSCs conversion towards functional chondrocytes. We conclude that our novel G-A-PAA biomatrix is a good candidate for prospective in vivo CTE applications.…”
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Different Chondrogenic Potential among Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Diverse Origin Primary Cells by Yeri Alice Rim, Yoojun Nam, Narae Park, Hyerin Jung, Yeonsue Jang, Jennifer Lee, Ji Hyeon Ju

“…The differentiation of hiPSCs into chondrocytes may help develop “cartilage in a dish” in the future. …”
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Long-Term Cultured Human Term Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Maternal Origin Displays Plasticity by Vikram Sabapathy, Saranya Ravi, Vivi Srivastava, Alok Srivastava, Sanjay Kumar

“…Pluripotency of the cultured MSCs was assessed by in vitro differentiation towards not only intralineage cells like adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and myotubules cells but also translineage differentiated towards pancreatic progenitor cells, neural cells, and retinal cells displaying plasticity. …”
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Tendon-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation in the Degenerative Tendon Microenvironment by Chang Liu, Jing-wan Luo, Ke-ke Zhang, Long-xiang Lin, Ting Liang, Zong-ping Luo, Yong-qing Zhuang, Yu-long Sun

“…However, it is uncertain how TDSCs differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, or osteocytes in the degenerative microenvironment of tendinopathy. …”
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Human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Second- and Third-Trimester Amniocentesis: Differentiation Potential, Molecular Signature, and Proteome Analysis by Jurate Savickiene, Grazina Treigyte, Sandra Baronaite, Giedre Valiuliene, Algirdas Kaupinis, Mindaugas Valius, Audrone Arlauskiene, Ruta Navakauskiene

“…AF-MSCs differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and neuronal cells, as determined by morphological changes, cell staining, and RT-qPCR showing the tissue-specific gene presence for differentiated cell lineages. …”
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Research Progress on Stem Cell Therapies for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Shuangpeng Jiang, Guangzhao Tian, Xu Li, Zhen Yang, Fuxin Wang, Zhuang Tian, Bo Huang, Fu Wei, Kangkang Zha, Zhiqiang Sun, Xiang Sui, Shuyun Liu, Weimin Guo, Quanyi Guo

“…In terms of theories on the mechanism, it was thought that stem cell-mediated articular cartilage regeneration was achieved through the directional differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes. However, recent evidence has shown that the stem cell secretome plays an important role in biological processes such as the immune response, inflammation regulation, and drug delivery. …”
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Human Suprapatellar Fat Pad-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Repair in a Model of Severe Osteoarthritis by Ignacio Muñoz-Criado, Jose Meseguer-Ripolles, Maravillas Mellado-López, Ana Alastrue-Agudo, Richard J Griffeth, Jerónimo Forteza-Vila, Ramón Cugat, Montserrat García, Victoria Moreno-Manzano

“…Both the suprapatellar- and infrapatellar-derived ASC were differentiated in vitro into mature adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. However, the suprapatellar-derived ASC showed higher osteogenic and chondrogenic efficiency. …”
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Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Treated with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid by Leah A. Marquez-Curtis, Yuanyuan Qiu, April Xu, Anna Janowska-Wieczorek

“…We found that in MSC, VPA increased (i) the gene and total protein expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 and primed migration towards a low gradient of SDF-1, (ii) the gene expression of MMP-2 and secretion and activation of proMMP-2, (iii) the proliferation and gene expression of pluripotency markers SOX2 and Oct-4, and exposure to lower concentrations of VPA (≤5 mM) had no effect on their differentiation to osteocytes and chondrocytes. Thus, our study indicates that VPA enhances the migration of CB MSC towards SDF-1 by increasing the expression of CXCR4, CXCR7, and MMP-2. …”
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Therapeutic Effects of the Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic Compound Me2DO2A on Experimental Articular Pain in Rats by Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli, Daniele Bani, Andrea Bencini, Maria Luisa Brandi, Laura Calosi, Miriam Cantore, Anna Maria Carossino, Carla Ghelardini, Barbara Valtancoli, Paola Failli

“…MnL4 (10−7 M) prevented the lipid peroxidation of isolated human chondrocytes when was produced by RAW 264.7. MnL4 behaves as a potent pain reliever in acute inflammatory and chronic articular pain, being its efficacy related to antioxidant property. …”
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Physical and Biological Characterizations of Injectable Thermosensitive Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-Collagen I Hydrogels Intended for Meniscus Repair by Chunhai Ke, Xuanyuan Lu, Jiahua Ni, Ruicong Li, Qi Chen, Zhaoxiang Peng

“…Cell proliferation tests and high-density culture also revealed that collagen I promoted bioactivity of the hydrogels and induced fibrochondrocyte phenotype of the chondrocytes. The expressions of collagen I protein and collagen I a1 gene in the PNIPAm-0.5Coll group were 3.50-fold and 3.64-fold of those in the PNIPAm group. …”
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SHOX and sex difference in height: a hypothesis by Tsutomu Ogata, Atsushi Hattori, Maki Fukami

“…In this regard, previous studies have revealed that (1) distribution of the mean adult heights in subjects with disorders accompanied by discordance between sex chromosome complement and bioactive sex steroids and in control subjects (the British height standards) indicates that, of the ~12.5 cm of sex difference in the mean adult height, ~9 cm is accounted for by the difference in the sex chromosome complement and the remaining ~3.5 cm is explained by the dimorphism in sex steroids (primarily due to the growth-promoting effect of gonadal androgens); (2) according to the infancy-childhood-puberty growth model, the sex difference in the childhood growth function produces height differences of ~1 cm in childhood and 8–10 cm at 18–20 years of age, whereas the sex difference in the pubertal growth function yields height difference of ~4.5 cm at 18–20 years of age; and (3) SHOX expression and methylation analyses using knee cartilage tissues and cultured chondrocytes have shown lower SHOX expression levels in female samples than in male samples and methylation patterns consistent with partial spreading of X-inactivation affecting SHOX in female samples. …”
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Metformin Facilitates Osteoblastic Differentiation and M2 Macrophage Polarization by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Min Shen, Huihui Yu, Yunfeng Jin, Jiahang Mo, Jingni Sui, Xiaohan Qian, Tong Chen

“…Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most promising multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. This cellular flexibility contributes to widespread clinical use of MSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. …”
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Promising horizons in achondroplasia along with the development of new drugs by Keiichi Ozono, Takuo Kubota, Toshimi Michigami

“…The mutant FGFR3 found in ACH is continuously phosphorylated and activates downstream signals, resulting in abnormal proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in the growth plate and cranial base synchondrosis. …”
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Synergistic Effects of FGF-18 and TGF-β3 on the Chondrogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Pellet Culture by Liangjie Huang, Lingxian Yi, Chunli Zhang, Ying He, Liangliang Zhou, Yan Liu, Long Qian, Shuxun Hou, Tujun Weng

“…Compared with a limited source of autologous chondrocytes, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are proposed as an attractive cell source for cartilage regeneration. …”
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Cryopreserved Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Show Comparable Effects to Un-Cryopreserved Cells in Treating Osteoarthritis by Bo Yan, Huixin Chen, Li Yan, Qiang Yuan, Le Guo

“…In vitro, C-CFM and UC-CM promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes, improved the expression of anabolism-related molecules ( Col2 , COL2, and SOX9), and decreased the expression of catabolism-related molecules ( Adamts5 , Mmp13 , Il6 , COL10, and MMP13). …”
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EVALUATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR IMMUNE CELLS IN BIOCOMPATIBILITY TEST DFLP SPONGE CARTILAGE SCAFFOLD, ADIPOSE-DERIVED MSC AND SECRETOME WITH CARTILAGE INJECTION MODEL by Brilliant Citra Wirashada, Dwikora Novemberi Utomo, Lukas Widhiyanto

“…This study aims to determine the biocompatibility of scaffold without involving implantation which provides clinical reports as expected through the evaluation of post-implantation chondrocytes regeneration, biocompatibility markers of the scaffold, and biocompatibility of sponge cartilage scaffold involving cartilage defects New Zealand White Rabbit. …”
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Constructing an Isogenic 3D Human Nephrogenic Progenitor Cell Model Composed of Endothelial, Mesenchymal, and SIX2-Positive Renal Progenitor Cells by Lisa Nguyen, Lucas-Sebastian Spitzhorn, James Adjaye

“…Characterization of the generated mesenchymal stem cells revealed plastic adherent growth and a trilineage differentiation potential to adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. Furthermore, these cells express the typical MSC markers CD73, CD90, and CD105. …”
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