Macrophage Polarization in the Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and Treatment by Xiongfei Zou, Hongjun Xu, Wenwei Qian

“…These pathways induce low‐grade inflammation within OA‐affected joints, altering chondrocyte metabolism, inhibiting cartilage repair, and impairing mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis, thereby contributing to OA progression. …”
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Structurally sophisticated 3D-printed PCL-fibrin hydrogel meniscal scaffold promotes in situ regeneration in the rabbit knee meniscus by Hebin Ma, Bowen Xie, Hongguang Chen, Lifang Hao, Haigang Jia, Dengjie Yu, Yuanbo Zhou, Puzhen Song, Yajing Li, Jing Liu, Kaitao Yu, Yantao Zhao, Yadong Zhang

“…The PCL scaffold offers superior biomechanical properties, while the Fib hydrogel creates a conducive microenvironment for cell growth, supporting chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. …”
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Minced Cartilage in Combination with Autologous Bone Grafting for One-Step Osteochondral Defect Reconstruction in an Athlete’s Knee by Diane Leyder, Christian Konrads, Patrick Ziegler, Stefan Döbele

“…Because of time pressure due to the patient’s academic exams and his schedule as a basketball player, an autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) as the standard surgical treatment plan was not accepted by the patient. …”
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Infrapatellar Fat Pad Stem Cells: From Developmental Biology to Cell Therapy by Ronaldo J. F. C. do Amaral, Henrique V. Almeida, Daniel J. Kelly, Fergal J. O’Brien, Cathal J. Kearney

“…There are several cell sources being investigated to promote cartilage regeneration: mature articular chondrocytes, chondrocyte progenitors, and various stem cells. …”
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Phenotypic alterations in articulating joint cells: Role of mechanically loaded MSC secretome by Yann D. Ladner, Ursula Menzel, Keith Thompson, Angela R. Armiento, Martin J. Stoddart

“…We examined the chondrogenic effect of CM by administration to MSC and chondrocyte pellet cultures, as well as functional changes in T cell proliferation.CM from mechanically loaded samples shows a promising push towards chondrogenic phenotypes within both pellet cultures. …”
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Molecular Mechanism of Stem Cell Differentiation into Adipocytes and Adipocyte Differentiation of Malignant Tumor by Kexin Zhang, Xudong Yang, Qi Zhao, Zugui Li, Fangmei Fu, Hao Zhang, Minying Zheng, Shiwu Zhang

“…Many mature cell types can be generated from MSCs, including adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte. The differentiation of stem cells into multiple mature phenotypes is at the basis for tissue regeneration and repair. …”
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The Interplay of Aging and PANoptosis in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies by Liu S, Zhang G, Li N, Wang Z, Lu L

“…In OA, dysregulated apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, particularly in chondrocytes, exacerbate cartilage damage. Apoptosis, mediated by the JNK pathway, reduces chondrocyte density, while necroptosis and pyroptosis, involving RIPK-1/RIPK-3 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, respectively, amplify inflammation and cartilage destruction. …”
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Long-Term Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft with Osteogenic Protein-1 Augmentation: A Twelve-Year Follow-Up by Eric Assid, Andrew Renshaw, Mawadah Samad, Richard Tupler, Deryk Jones

“…Various biologic reconstructive procedures such as microfracture, osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS) or allograft transplantation (OCA), and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) are utilized by surgeons to treat OCLs. …”
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Therapeutic potential of SOX family transcription factors in osteoarthritis by Yue Huang, Zhuo Wang

“…However, further research is necessary to fully understand the critical role of the transcription factor SOX9 in chondrocyte differentiation and the development of osteoarthritis. …”
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Thermal management and biocompatibility in dry machining: An experimental study of ZrO2-based cutting tool for bone machining by Phanindra Addepalli, Worapong Sawangsri, Saiful Anwar Che Ghani

“…The experiments included primary chondrocyte cells from chicken femoral condyles incubated at 37 °C and 5 % CO2 with increased cell survival and proliferation in the presence of ZrO2. …”
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Alone or in combination, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate alleviate ECM degradation in osteoarthritis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway by Yiran Ma, Xin Yang, Min Jiang, Wangjuan Ye, Hong Qin, Songwen Tan

“…Inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA, and ECM-related proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Chondrocyte viability was assessed using CCK8. Results HA and CS treatments significantly reduced cartilage damage, decreased inflammatory factor release, alleviated ECM degradation, and inhibited NF-κB pathway activation compared to the OA group (P < 0.05). …”
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Local delivery of TGF-β1-mRNA decreases fibrosis in osteochondral defects by Gianluca Fontana, Brett Nemke, Yan Lu, Connie Chamberlain, Jae-Sung Lee, Joshua A. Choe, Hongli Jiao, Michael Nelson, Margot Amitrano, Wan-Ju Li, Mark Markel, William L. Murphy

“…TGF-β1 mRNA delivery significantly increased TGF-β1 production in BMAC clots and increased early expression of articular chondrocyte markers within osteochondral defects. At 9 weeks post-surgery, the mRNA-treated defects had a superior macroscopic cartilage appearance, decreased type I collagen deposition, increased stain intensity for type II collagen and increased glycosaminoglycan deposition area when compared to the controls. …”
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Improved Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Based on Interactions between N-Acetylglucosamine-Bearing Polymers and Cell-Surface Vimentin by Hirohiko Ise, Kumiko Matsunaga, Marie Shinohara, Yasuyuki Sakai

“…Osteoblast, adipocyte, and chondrocyte differentiation was observed in these cells. …”
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Palovarotene Can Attenuate Heterotopic Ossification Induced by Tendon Stem Cells by Downregulating the Synergistic Effects of Smad and NF-κB Signaling Pathway following Stimulation... by Junchao Huang, Jialiang Lin, Congbin Li, Bo Tang, Haijun Xiao

“…Under physiological conditions, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signal transduction pathway inhibits osteogenic progenitor cell aggregation and chondrocyte differentiation. We focus on palovarotene, a retinoic acid γ-receptor activator, showing an inhibitory effect on HO mice, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. …”
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Biocompatible ionized air alleviates rat osteoarthritis by modulating polarization from M1 to M2 macrophages by Haoran Yu, Chengbiao Ding, Zhongyao Hu, Qi Liu, Xuesong Gu, Junyan He, Yiqun Yan, Shenrui Yu, Lin Gao, Wendan Cheng, Zhengwei Wu, Juehua Jing

“…This shift reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and pro-chondrogenic factors, leading to an improved microenvironment surrounding chondrocytes. The direct benefits of this improved microenvironment include enhanced chondrocyte viability, inhibition of apoptosis, and reduced degradation of the extracellular matrix. …”
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Effects of Severe Hypoxia on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation Potential by Claudia Cicione, Emma Muiños-López, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete, Silvia Díaz-Prado, Francisco J. Blanco

“…MSCs were characterized by flow cytometry and differentiated towards adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes under normoxic or severe hypoxic conditions. …”
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FGFR antagonists restore defective mandibular bone repair in a mouse model of osteochondrodysplasia by Anne Morice, Amélie de La Seiglière, Alexia Kany, Roman H. Khonsari, Morad Bensidhoum, Maria-Emilia Puig-Lombardi, Laurence Legeai Mallet

“…The latter model presented pseudarthrosis and impaired chondrocyte differentiation. Spatial transcriptomic analyses of the Hch callus revealed abnormally low expression of Col11, Col1a, Dmp1 genes in mature chondrocytes. …”
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Emerging Strategies in Cartilage Repair and Joint Preservation by Mircea Adrian Focsa, Sorin Florescu, Armand Gogulescu

“…<i>Results:</i> Advances in MSC-based therapies, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), have demonstrated promising regenerative potential. …”
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Sox9-Increased miR-322-5p Facilitates BMP2-Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation by Targeting Smad7 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Yongsheng Zeng, Chengcheng Du, Pengcheng Xiao, Yiting Lei, Piao Zhao, Zhenglin Zhu, Shengqiang Gao, Bowen Chen, Shengwen Cheng, Wei Huang, Chen Zhao

“…However, BMP2 also induces chondrocyte hypertrophy and endochondral ossification by upregulating Smad7 expression, which leads to the disruption of chondrogenesis. …”
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Tracheal Resection for Critical Airway Obstruction in Morquio A Syndrome by Claire Frauenfelder, Elizabeth Maughan, Johnny Kenth, Reema Nandi, Simon Jones, Robert Walker, Bill Walsh, Nagarajan Muthialu, Iain Bruce, Richard Hewitt, Colin Butler

“…His trachea was found to be under significant compressive forces at surgery. On histology, chondrocyte lacunae appeared enlarged, but intracellular lysosomal staining and extracellular glycosaminoglycan staining was comparable to control trachea. …”
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