Impact of GGBFS and Pond Ash on the Strength and Durability of Concrete Mixes by Agrawal Sangeeta, Shirule Pravin, Husain Mujahid, Pawar Sudhakar

“…Durability assessments revealed a decline in water absorption ( R² = 88.05%, MAPE = 5.45%) and acid attack resistance (R² = 99.83%, MAPE = 0.58%) with increasing GGBFS and Pond Ash content, primarily due to increased porosity and altered microstructural characteristics. Microstructural analysis confirmed reduced hydration density and weaker bond formation at higher replacement levels. …”
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