Early-Strength Controllable Geopolymeric CLSM Derived by Shield Tunneling Muck: Performance Optimization and Hydration Mechanism of GGBFS–CS Systems by Jiguo Liu, Jun Zhang, Xiaohui Sun, Shutong Dong, Silin Wu

“…., 60:40) led to a significant reduction in the 28-day strength—up to nearly 50% compared with the 90:10 mix—due to impaired microstructural densification. Microstructural analyses (pore-solution pH, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, LF-NMR) confirmed that higher CS levels enhanced early C–A–S–H gel formation by increasing OH⁻ and Ca²⁺ availability while compromising long-term structure. …”
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