The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review
Mitral valve closure is a complex process and requires coordinated actions of all its interrelated anatomical components: the left atrium, the mitral annulus, the valve leaflets, the tendinous chordae, and the papillary muscles with its surrounding left ventricular wall for an effective mitral valve...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2025-04-01
|
| Series: | Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aca.aca_221_24 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850187757705494528 |
|---|---|
| author | Praveen Kumar Neema Nagarjuna Panidapu |
| author_facet | Praveen Kumar Neema Nagarjuna Panidapu |
| author_sort | Praveen Kumar Neema |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mitral valve closure is a complex process and requires coordinated actions of all its interrelated anatomical components: the left atrium, the mitral annulus, the valve leaflets, the tendinous chordae, and the papillary muscles with its surrounding left ventricular wall for an effective mitral valve closure. Research of last three-decades has shown that the mitral annulus starts contracting during atrial systole which significantly prevent early mitral regurgitation (MR). MR can be acute or chronic, and primary, or secondary or mixed; their etiologies, mechanisms and natural progression are very different and have clinical implications. A leaflet perforation, a rupture of chorda tendinea or papillary muscle and a torn leaflet after balloon mitral valvotomy can result in acute severe MR. The patients of acute severe MR present in pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock and often need urgent surgical intervention. Primary MR is a disease of the mitral valve apparatus and secondary to valve degeneration, whereas secondary MR is a disease of the left ventricle secondary to coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. The other causes of secondary MR include mitral annular dilation secondary to atrial fibrillation and restrictive cardiomyopathy, dys-synchrony due to bundle branch block, right ventricular pacing and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The treatment strategy differs for primary and various subsets of secondary MR; hence, a thorough knowledge of the etiology, mechanisms and pathogenesis of MR is necessary to select appropriate management strategy and to decide when to intervene. The review discusses the mechanisms, and pathophysiology in acute, chronic, primary and secondary MR. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ff4ddbba2ec643fa80cee5b0e5e71cf8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0971-9784 0974-5181 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia |
| spelling | doaj-art-ff4ddbba2ec643fa80cee5b0e5e71cf82025-08-20T02:16:02ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsAnnals of Cardiac Anaesthesia0971-97840974-51812025-04-0128210911810.4103/aca.aca_221_24The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative ReviewPraveen Kumar NeemaNagarjuna PanidapuMitral valve closure is a complex process and requires coordinated actions of all its interrelated anatomical components: the left atrium, the mitral annulus, the valve leaflets, the tendinous chordae, and the papillary muscles with its surrounding left ventricular wall for an effective mitral valve closure. Research of last three-decades has shown that the mitral annulus starts contracting during atrial systole which significantly prevent early mitral regurgitation (MR). MR can be acute or chronic, and primary, or secondary or mixed; their etiologies, mechanisms and natural progression are very different and have clinical implications. A leaflet perforation, a rupture of chorda tendinea or papillary muscle and a torn leaflet after balloon mitral valvotomy can result in acute severe MR. The patients of acute severe MR present in pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock and often need urgent surgical intervention. Primary MR is a disease of the mitral valve apparatus and secondary to valve degeneration, whereas secondary MR is a disease of the left ventricle secondary to coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. The other causes of secondary MR include mitral annular dilation secondary to atrial fibrillation and restrictive cardiomyopathy, dys-synchrony due to bundle branch block, right ventricular pacing and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The treatment strategy differs for primary and various subsets of secondary MR; hence, a thorough knowledge of the etiology, mechanisms and pathogenesis of MR is necessary to select appropriate management strategy and to decide when to intervene. The review discusses the mechanisms, and pathophysiology in acute, chronic, primary and secondary MR.https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aca.aca_221_24degenerative valvular heart diseaseinfective endocarditisischemic heart diseasemitral regurgitationmrmechanisms of mitral regurgitationpathophysiology of mitral regurgitation |
| spellingShingle | Praveen Kumar Neema Nagarjuna Panidapu The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia degenerative valvular heart disease infective endocarditis ischemic heart disease mitral regurgitation mr mechanisms of mitral regurgitation pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation |
| title | The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review |
| title_full | The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review |
| title_short | The Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation: A Narrative Review |
| title_sort | mechanisms and pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation a narrative review |
| topic | degenerative valvular heart disease infective endocarditis ischemic heart disease mitral regurgitation mr mechanisms of mitral regurgitation pathophysiology of mitral regurgitation |
| url | https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/aca.aca_221_24 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT praveenkumarneema themechanismsandpathophysiologyofmitralregurgitationanarrativereview AT nagarjunapanidapu themechanismsandpathophysiologyofmitralregurgitationanarrativereview AT praveenkumarneema mechanismsandpathophysiologyofmitralregurgitationanarrativereview AT nagarjunapanidapu mechanismsandpathophysiologyofmitralregurgitationanarrativereview |