Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm
Marine regions are undergoing rapid evolution, primarily driven by natural and anthropogenic activities. Safeguarding these ecosystems necessitates the ability to observe their physical features and control processes with precision in both space and time. This demands the acquisition of precise and...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/929 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832589229851410432 |
|---|---|
| author | Gareth Craig Darmanin Adam Gauci Monica Giona Bucci Alan Deidun |
| author_facet | Gareth Craig Darmanin Adam Gauci Monica Giona Bucci Alan Deidun |
| author_sort | Gareth Craig Darmanin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Marine regions are undergoing rapid evolution, primarily driven by natural and anthropogenic activities. Safeguarding these ecosystems necessitates the ability to observe their physical features and control processes with precision in both space and time. This demands the acquisition of precise and up-to-date information regarding several marine parameters. Thus, to gain a comprehensive understanding of these ecosystems, this study employs remote sensing techniques, Machine Learning algorithms and traditional in situ approaches. Together, these serve as valuable tools to help comprehend the distinctive parametric characteristics and mechanisms occurring within these regions of the Maltese archipelago. An empirical workflow was implemented to predict the spatial and temporal variations in sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature from 2022 to 2024. This was achieved by leveraging Sentinel-2 satellite platforms, the random forest Machine Learning algorithm, and in situ data collected from sea gliders and floats. Subsequently, the numerical data generated by the random forest algorithm were validated with different error metrics and converted into visual representations to illustrate the sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature variations across the Maltese Islands. The random forest algorithm demonstrated strong performance in predicting sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature, indicating its capability to handle dynamic parameters effectively. Additionally, the parametric maps generated for all three years provided a clear understanding of both the spatial and temporal changes for these two parameters. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb97918aa0d24ca5b7159c871e7f5c7b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb97918aa0d24ca5b7159c871e7f5c7b2025-01-24T13:21:22ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115292910.3390/app15020929Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest AlgorithmGareth Craig Darmanin0Adam Gauci1Monica Giona Bucci2Alan Deidun3Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, MaltaDepartment of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, MaltaDepartment of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, MaltaDepartment of Geosciences, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, MaltaMarine regions are undergoing rapid evolution, primarily driven by natural and anthropogenic activities. Safeguarding these ecosystems necessitates the ability to observe their physical features and control processes with precision in both space and time. This demands the acquisition of precise and up-to-date information regarding several marine parameters. Thus, to gain a comprehensive understanding of these ecosystems, this study employs remote sensing techniques, Machine Learning algorithms and traditional in situ approaches. Together, these serve as valuable tools to help comprehend the distinctive parametric characteristics and mechanisms occurring within these regions of the Maltese archipelago. An empirical workflow was implemented to predict the spatial and temporal variations in sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature from 2022 to 2024. This was achieved by leveraging Sentinel-2 satellite platforms, the random forest Machine Learning algorithm, and in situ data collected from sea gliders and floats. Subsequently, the numerical data generated by the random forest algorithm were validated with different error metrics and converted into visual representations to illustrate the sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature variations across the Maltese Islands. The random forest algorithm demonstrated strong performance in predicting sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature, indicating its capability to handle dynamic parameters effectively. Additionally, the parametric maps generated for all three years provided a clear understanding of both the spatial and temporal changes for these two parameters.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/929remote sensingin situ measurementsmachine learning algorithmrandom forestsea surface salinitysea surface temperature |
| spellingShingle | Gareth Craig Darmanin Adam Gauci Monica Giona Bucci Alan Deidun Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm Applied Sciences remote sensing in situ measurements machine learning algorithm random forest sea surface salinity sea surface temperature |
| title | Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm |
| title_full | Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm |
| title_short | Monitoring Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity Around the Maltese Islands Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and the Random Forest Algorithm |
| title_sort | monitoring sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity around the maltese islands using sentinel 2 imagery and the random forest algorithm |
| topic | remote sensing in situ measurements machine learning algorithm random forest sea surface salinity sea surface temperature |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/929 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT garethcraigdarmanin monitoringseasurfacetemperatureandseasurfacesalinityaroundthemalteseislandsusingsentinel2imageryandtherandomforestalgorithm AT adamgauci monitoringseasurfacetemperatureandseasurfacesalinityaroundthemalteseislandsusingsentinel2imageryandtherandomforestalgorithm AT monicagionabucci monitoringseasurfacetemperatureandseasurfacesalinityaroundthemalteseislandsusingsentinel2imageryandtherandomforestalgorithm AT alandeidun monitoringseasurfacetemperatureandseasurfacesalinityaroundthemalteseislandsusingsentinel2imageryandtherandomforestalgorithm |