Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis
Objective There is a lack of research on experiences of WASH-related violence. This study aims to quantify the association between experience or worry of violence when using the toilet or collecting water and depressive symptoms among a cohort of young women in South Africa.Methods Data are from vis...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2022-07-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/7/e061032.full |
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| author | Ruvani T Jayaweera Kathleen Kahn Sheri A Lippman Torsten B Neilands Rhian Twine Jennifer Ahern Ryan G Wagner Audrey Pettifor Dana Goin |
| author_facet | Ruvani T Jayaweera Kathleen Kahn Sheri A Lippman Torsten B Neilands Rhian Twine Jennifer Ahern Ryan G Wagner Audrey Pettifor Dana Goin |
| author_sort | Ruvani T Jayaweera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective There is a lack of research on experiences of WASH-related violence. This study aims to quantify the association between experience or worry of violence when using the toilet or collecting water and depressive symptoms among a cohort of young women in South Africa.Methods Data are from visit 3 of the HPTN 068 cohort of adolescent girls in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Participants (n=1798) included in this analysis were aged 13–21 at baseline. Lifetime experience of violence or fear of violence when using the toilet and collecting water was collected by self-report; depressive symptoms in the past week were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We used G-computation to calculate the prevalence difference (PD) and prevalence ratio of depression (CES-D score >15) associated with each domain of violence, controlling for baseline covariates.Findings A total of 15.1% of respondents reported experiencing violence when using the toilet; 17.1% reported experiencing violence when collecting water and 26.7% reported depression. In adjusted models, those who reported experiencing violence when using the toilet had an 18.1% higher prevalence of depression (95% CI: 11.6% to 24.4%) than those who did not experience violence when using the toilet. Adjusted prevalence of depression was also higher among those who reported violence when collecting water (PD 11.9%, 95% CI: 6.7% to 17.2%), and who worried about violence when using the toilet (PD 12.8%, 95% CI: 7.9% to 19.8%), as compared with those who did not report these experiences. Worrying about violence when collecting water was not associated with depression after adjusting for covariates.Conclusion Experience of WASH-related violence is common among young women in rural South Africa, and experience or worry of experiencing violence is associated with higher prevalence of depressive symptoms.Trial registration number NCT01233531; Post-results. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb910da7dd4842c885270323b553c50e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb910da7dd4842c885270323b553c50e2025-01-31T19:00:10ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552022-07-0112710.1136/bmjopen-2022-061032Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysisRuvani T Jayaweera0Kathleen Kahn1Sheri A Lippman2Torsten B Neilands3Rhian Twine4Jennifer Ahern5Ryan G Wagner6Audrey Pettifor7Dana Goin8Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, California, USAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa4 Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USACenter for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, USAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaDepartment of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaProgram on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USAObjective There is a lack of research on experiences of WASH-related violence. This study aims to quantify the association between experience or worry of violence when using the toilet or collecting water and depressive symptoms among a cohort of young women in South Africa.Methods Data are from visit 3 of the HPTN 068 cohort of adolescent girls in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Participants (n=1798) included in this analysis were aged 13–21 at baseline. Lifetime experience of violence or fear of violence when using the toilet and collecting water was collected by self-report; depressive symptoms in the past week were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We used G-computation to calculate the prevalence difference (PD) and prevalence ratio of depression (CES-D score >15) associated with each domain of violence, controlling for baseline covariates.Findings A total of 15.1% of respondents reported experiencing violence when using the toilet; 17.1% reported experiencing violence when collecting water and 26.7% reported depression. In adjusted models, those who reported experiencing violence when using the toilet had an 18.1% higher prevalence of depression (95% CI: 11.6% to 24.4%) than those who did not experience violence when using the toilet. Adjusted prevalence of depression was also higher among those who reported violence when collecting water (PD 11.9%, 95% CI: 6.7% to 17.2%), and who worried about violence when using the toilet (PD 12.8%, 95% CI: 7.9% to 19.8%), as compared with those who did not report these experiences. Worrying about violence when collecting water was not associated with depression after adjusting for covariates.Conclusion Experience of WASH-related violence is common among young women in rural South Africa, and experience or worry of experiencing violence is associated with higher prevalence of depressive symptoms.Trial registration number NCT01233531; Post-results.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/7/e061032.full |
| spellingShingle | Ruvani T Jayaweera Kathleen Kahn Sheri A Lippman Torsten B Neilands Rhian Twine Jennifer Ahern Ryan G Wagner Audrey Pettifor Dana Goin Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis BMJ Open |
| title | Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis |
| title_full | Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis |
| title_fullStr | Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis |
| title_short | Associations between WASH-related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa (HPTN 068): a cross-sectional analysis |
| title_sort | associations between wash related violence and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and young women in south africa hptn 068 a cross sectional analysis |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/7/e061032.full |
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